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Field  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Publication  130. 

Anthropological  Series.  Vol.  VII,  No.  3. 


CATALOGUE  OF  BRONZES,  ETC.,  IN  FIELD 
MUSEUM   OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Reproduced  from  Originals 
in  the  National  Museum  of  Naples. 


BY 

F.  B.  Tarbell, 

Professor  of  Classical  Archaeology, 

University  of  Chicago. 


George  A.  Dorsey„ 
Curator  of  Department. 


4*5197 
Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 
June,  1 909. 


PREFACE 

The  objects  described  in  the  following  catalogue  are  reproduc- 
tions,  made  by  the  firm  of  Sabatino  De  Angelis  and  Son,  of  originals 

in  tlif  National  .Museum  of  Naples.     The  material  is  bronze,  except 


where  some  other  material  is  expressly  mentioned.  With  a  few 
exceptions  these  objects  constitute  a  fairly  representative  selection 
from  among  the  bronze  utensils,  instruments,  and  articles  of  furni- 
ture in  the  great  Neapolitan  collection ;  and  while  not  exact  in  every 
particular,  they  do,  nevertheless,  give  a  fairly  correct  idea  of  the 
originals.  Inasmuch,  therefore,  as  a  complete  and  scientific  account 
of  the  Naples  bronzes  has  never  been  issued,  it  has  seemed  worth 
while  to  prepare  a  somewhat  detailed  catalogue,  with  illustrations, 
of  these  reproductions.  It  has,  of  course,  been  out  of  the  question 
to  furnish  particulars  as  to  technical  processes  employed  in  manu- 
facture, such  as  might  be  expected  from  a  catalogue  of  originals. 
And  it  has  been  equally  impossible  in  most  cases  to  make  out  to  what 
extent  the  originals  have  been  repaired  since  their  discovery,  or  to 
what  extent  objects  have  been  combined  without  proof.  Some  sus- 
picious circumstances  have,  however,  been  noted  under  Nos.  70  and 
73.  The  question  would  be  an  interesting  one  to  follow  up ;  but  even 
if  some  liberties  may  have  been  taken  in  the  past  which  a  scrupulous 
director  of  a  museum  would  not  take  to-day,  there  is  not  the  slight- 
est reason  xo  suspect  any  essential  falsification  of  the  witness  of  these 
objects  to  ancient  life. 

The  great  majority  of  the  Neapolitan  bronzes  come  from  the 
Campanian  cities  buried  by  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  79  A.  D. 
These  objects  are  designated  in  the  following  catalogue  as  Roman. 
In  regard  to  the  precise  sources  of  many  of  them,  exhumed  in  the 
earlier  periods  of  excavation,  great  uncertainty  prevails,  and  it  is 
not  uncommon  to  find  even  the  most  reputable  authorities  disagree- 
ing. An  extreme  instance  is  afforded  by  the  candelabrum  given 
as  No.  70  in  this  catalogue.  This  is  assigned  by  the  Antichith  di 
Ercolano  to  Herculaneum,  by  Ruggiero,  Degli  Scavi  di  Stabia,  to 
Stabiae,  and  by  the  new  Guida  illustrata  del  Museo  Nazionale  di  Na- 
poli  (1907)  to  Pompeii.  In  view  of  this  situation,  it  has  seemed  wise 
to  be  sparing  with  indications  of  provenience.  The  statements  under 
this  head  made  by  the  three  works  just  cited  have  been  repeated 
when  not  in  conflict  with  one  another,  and  occasionally  some  other 

93 


94  Preface 

presumably  trustworthy  authority  has  been  followed.  When  no 
such  authority  was  available,  I  have  preferred  not  to  run  the  risk 
of  making  confusion  worse  confounded.  There  is  the  more  reason 
for  this  reticence,  as  the  question  whether  a  given  object  came  from 
Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  or  Stabiae  is  of  very  little  consequence. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  distinguish 
from  the  homogeneous  objects  found  in  these  buried  cities  other 
objects  of  earlier  date  and  style  found  in  graves  of  southern  Italy. 
Of  such  objects  the  Museum  of  Naples  possesses  a  considerable  num- 
ber, jumbled  up  in  the  exhibition  rooms  with  the  mass  of  things  from 
Herculaneum  and  Pompeii.  Some  of  these  earlier  products  are  rep- 
resented in  the  present  collection,  and  these,  so  far  as  recognized, 
have  been  grouped  together  under  the  category  of  "Pre-Roman 
Objects."  The  task  of  distinction  has  not  always  been  easy.  In 
one  instance  (No.  7)  I  have  ventured  to  reject  the  explicit  statement 
of  the  official  inventory  of  the  Naples  Museum,  which  I  have  con- 
sulted on  this  point  as  on  several  others.  I  can  only  hope  that  in 
this  attempt  at  classification  no  serious  mistakes  have  been  made. 

For  purposes  of  identification  it  has  seemed  desirable  to  give  for 
each  piece  the  inventory  number  attached  to  it  in  the  Naples  Museum. 
In  determining  these,  it  has  been  necessary  to  rely  on  the  indications, 
not  always  self-consistent,  afforded  by  De  Angelis  in  his  catalogue 
and  on  the  copper  tags  attached  to  his  products,  with  such  confirma- 
tion and  correction  as  could  be  obtained  from  books  and  photographs. 
Whenever  any  reason  has  been  discovered  for  doubting  a  number, 
an  interrogation  mark  has  been  used.  Doubtless  some  errors  have 
•crept  in,  but  they  ought  not  to  be  numerous. 

The  attempt  has  not  been  made  to  give  a  complete  list  of  the 
places  of  publication  of  individual  objects,  but  rather  to  refer  to 
the  most  important,  as  well  as  to  the  most  accessible.  Overbeck's 
Pompeii  is  cited  by  its  fourth  edition  (1884),  and  Mau's  Pompeii, 
translated  by  Kelsey,  by  its  revised  edition  (1902). 

Professor  M.  H.  Morgan,  of  Harvard  University,  has  given  me 
the  benefit  of  his  advice  on  two  or  three  matters,  and  Mr.  H.  F. 
De  Cou  has  corrected  and  extended  my  notes  at  numerous  points. 
To  both  of  these  gentlemen  I  herewith  express  my  thanks. 


ABBREVIATIONS 

Ant.  di  Erc.=  Antichita  di  Ercolano. 

C.  I.  L.=  Corpus  inscriptionum  Latinarum. 

Jahrb.  des  arch.  Instituts  =  Jahrbuch  des  kaiserlich  deutschen  archdo- 

logischen  Instituts. 
Mus.  Borb.=  Real  Museo  Borbonico. 
Not.  d.  Scavi  =  Notizie  degli  scavi  di  antichita. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Pre-Roman  Objects 99 

Roman  Objects 

Chest 102 

Couches 102 

Tables  and  Stands 103 

Folding  Stools 104 

Other  Furniture 105 

Lamps 105 

Candelabra 107 

Censer 112 

Lamp-rests 112 

Lanterns 113 

Braziers 114 

Water-heaters 115 

Cooking-stove 117 

Pails 118 

Craters  or  Mixing  Vessels 119 

Amphoras 121 

Ewers 124 

Small  Pitchers  and  the  Like 126 

Handles  of  Vessels 130 

Basins 130 

Oval  Bowls 131 

Fruit-dishes  (?) 132 

Strainers 133 

Sauce-pans 133 

Kettles 135 

Molds 135 

Other  Kitchen  Utensils 136 

Miscellaneous  Articles,  Chiefly  Domestic 136 

Balance  and  Weights 138 

Steelyards  and  the  Like 139 

Musical  Instruments 141 

Industrial  Implements 141 

Surgical  Implements  and  the  Like 142 


97 


PRE-ROMAN    OBJECTS 

1.  (24101)     Greek  Hydria 

Shape  similar  to  that  of  the  Attic  earthenware  hydria  of  the  late  sixth  and 
early  fifth  century  B.  C.  {British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Vases,  II,  p.  5,  Fig.  14), 
but  somewhat  more  slender.  On  the  lip,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  On  the 
shoulder,  tongue  pattern.  Around  the  body,  at  the  height  of  the  lateral  handles, 
a  guilloche  between  groups  of  incised  lines.  On  the  Lesbian  cyma  of  the  foot 
a  pattern  consisting  of  leaves  alternating  with  fractional  palmettes(  ?).  The 
lateral  handles  are  edged  with  bead  pattern,  and  each  bears  in  relief  two 
identical  nude  male  standing  figures,  placed  head  to  head;  the  attach- 
ments have  the  form  of  palmettes.  The  upright  handle,  forming  a  curve  of 
double  flexure,  is  ornamented  with  three  bead  patterns;  the  lower  attachment 
has  the  form  of  a  Gorgon's  face  and  arms,  with  the  addition  of  the  foreparts 
of  two  horses;  at  the  upper  termination  of  the  handle  is  a  lion's  head,  with 
open  mouth  and  protruding  tongue,  and  with  mane  running  back  some  distance 
along  the  handle. 

Naples  73144.  Locri.  Late  s  xth  century  B.  C.  _  Mus.  Borb.  Ill,  lxii.  For  the  Gorgoneion 
see  Furtwangler  in  Roscher,  Lexikon  der  griech.  u.  rb'm.  Mythologie,  I,  1712.  For  the  horses  cf. 
De  Ridder,  Bronzes  de  I'Acropole,  Nos.  145-148,  197;  for  the  nude  male  figures,  ib.  No.  168. 

2.  (24095)     Greek  Pitcher 

Around  the  trifoliate  lip,  an  egg  pattern.  On  the  shoulder  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  body,  tongue  patterns,  between  which  is  a  guilloche.  The  handle 
is  ribbed. 

Naples  73047.     Fifth  (?)  century  B.  C. 

3.  (24097)     Greek  Pitcher 

Around  the  trifoliate  lip,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  On  the  shoulder,  incised 
encircling  rings.  On  the  body,  tongue  pattern.  The  lower  attachment  of  the 
ribbed  handle  has  the  form  of  a  siren  with  recurved  wings,  her  feet  resting  on 
a  palmette. 

Naples  69046.     Fifth  century  B.  C. 

4.  (24091)     Pitcher 

The  receptacle  rests  on  a  high  support,  which  has  a  corrugated  border,  three 
claw  feet  and  pendent  palmettes  between  the  feet.  On  the  shoulder  is  a  tongue 
pattern.  The  extravagantly  elongated  neck  is  encircled  at  two  points  with 
collars,  and  the  trefoil  lip  is  corrugated  vertically.  The  flat,  three-ribbed 
handle  is  supported  by  an  openwork  relief,  representing  a  four-horse  chariot  and 
charioteer  in  front  view.  Below  the  chariot  is  a  lion's  mask  and  at  each  side 
the  forepart  of  a  snake.  Long-stemmed  palmettes  connect  the  heads  of  the 
outer  horses  with  the  handle.  At  each  end  of  the  upper  attachment  of  the 
handle  is  a  disk  ornamented  with  a  rosette. 

Naples  69089.     Ruvo  (according  to  Monaco,  Handbook  to  the  Naples  Museum). 

99 


ioo     Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

5.  (24046)     Pitcher 

The  lower  attachment  of  the  handle  has  the  form  of  a  palmette. 

Naples  69156.  Pitchers  of  the  type  represented  by  this  and  the  following  specimen  are  com- 
mon in  Italian  tombs  of  the  fifth  century  B.  C.     See  Gsell,  Fouilles  de  Vulci,  p.  518. 

6.  (24047)     Pitcher 

The  ribbed  handle  has  a  leaf-shaped  attachment  below. 
Naples  69154.     See  preceding  note. 

7.  (24098)  '  Basin 

The  deep  bowl  is  united  to  a  support  in  the  form  of  a  fluted  ring  with  three 

claw  feet.     On  the  lip,  an  egg  pattern.     Each  of  the  two  fixed  handles  represents 

two  elongated  lions,  with  an  upright  floral  ornament  between  them,  while  the 

attachments  end  in  snakes'  heads,  broad  and  flat. 

Naples  73549.  Mus.  Barb.  VI,  lxii,  2.  Although  ascribed  in  the  inventory  of  the  Naples 
Museum  to  Herculaneum,  this  basin  appears  on  the  evidence  of  style  to  be  of  the  sixth  century  B. 
C,  and  probably  Greek.     Cf.  the  archaic  basin  from  Lucania,  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1897,  p.  164,  Fig.  10. 

8.  (24088)     Basin 

Deep,  almost  hemispherical,  bowl  without  base  or  feet.  On  the  convex 
rim,  a  tongue  pattern,  interrupted  at  four  equidistant  points  by  palmettes  and 
encircled  by  a  bead  pattern.  If  there  were  handles  originally,  they  have  dis- 
appeared. 

Naples  73697.     Fifth-fourth  century  B.  C. 

9.  (24093)     Basin 

Shallow  bowl  without  base  or  feet.  Two  plain  handles,  which  play  in 
bobbin-like  attachments. 

Naples  76583.     Fifth-fourth  century  B.  C. 

10.  (24176)     Corded  Cista 

The  cylindrical  vessel  has  nine  horizontal    rings.      There    are    three    low 

cylindrical  feet  placed  horizontally.     The  two  bails  are  spirally  grooved  in 

imitation  of  ropes  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length;    they  swing  in  loops 

formed  by  strips  of  bronze  riveted  to  the  vessel. 

Naples  68881.  Fifth  century  B.  C.  Found  near  Nocera  in  Campania.  Bullettino  archeo- 
logico  napolitano,  N.  S.,  V  (1857),  PI.  III.  On  vessels  of  this  type,  called  in  Italian  ciste  a  cordoni, 
see  Mau  in  Pauly-Wissowa,  Realencyclopadie,  s.  v.  cista,  and  the  authorities  there  cited. 

11.  (24262)     Small  Pail 

The  shoulder  and  the  lower  part  of  the  body  of  the  vessel  have  two  similar 
bands  of  ornaments,  each  consisting  of  two  rows  of  leaf-shaped  figures,  the 
points  of  the  upper  row  directed  downward,  those  of  the  lower  row  upward. 
Between  the  two  bands  are  two  pairs  of  incised  horizontal  rings.  The  single 
bail,  made  of  stout  wire,  has  a  loop  at  the  top.  The  attachments  are  in  pal- 
mette form. 

Naples  68871.  This  pail  is  probably  identical  with  one  figured  in  the  Bullettino  archeo- 
logico  napolitano,  N.  S.,  V  (1857),  PI.  III.      In  that  case  it  was  found  near  Nocera  in  Campania. 

12.  (24279)     Pail 

Around  the  lip,  egg  pattern.  Two  plain  bails,  whose  attachments  terminate 
in  palmettes  below.     The  three  feet  spool-shaped. 

Naples  68865.  Mus.  Borb.  IV,  xn,  2;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  241,  d;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii, 
Fig.  204,  d.  For  the  shape  compare  the  more  elaborate  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  (Cat-a 
loRue  of  Bronzes,  No.  650,  p.  107). 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  ioi 

13.  (24266)     Pail 

The  vessel  is  without  ornamentation.     The  single  bail  is  of  iron,  and  is 
bent  into  a  sort  of  loop  at  the  top.     The  attachments  end  in  dogs'  (?)  heads. 
Naples  1 10740. 

14.  (24277)     Pail 

The  unusually  thin  vessel  is  without  ornamentation.     The  single  bail  was 
of  iron,  now  mostly  corroded  away. 
Naples  68864. 

15.  (24250)     Etruscan  Candelabrum 

Three  claw-footed  legs.     Plain  shaft  encircled   by  two  rings  below  and  by 
three  and  then  two  disks  above.     Four  arms  terminating  in  spikes  for  candles. 
Surmounting  the  shaft  is  a  rudely  modeled  cock. 
Naples  73150. 

16.  (24258)     Candelabrum 

Base  three-legged,  with  openwork  ornament.  Two  sections  of  the  shaft 
are  pentagonal  and  are  ornamented  with  incised  rosettes  and  other  patterns. 
The  remainder  of  the  shaft  is  cylindrical  and  horizontally  corrugated.  The 
capital  is  quasi-Corinthian.  From  its  top  rises  the  candle  holder,  shaped  some- 
what like  a  flower  on  its  stem.  On  the  exterior  of  the  holder  are  incised  patterns; 
within  is  an  upright  spike  for  a  candle. 

Naples  73195.     Nocera.     Quaranta,  Di  un  candelabro  di  bronzo  trovato  nelle  vicinanze  dell' 
anttca  Nuceria  Alfaterna;  Daremberg  et  Saglio,  Diclionnaire  des  antiquites,  I,  Fig.  1080. 

17.  (24220)     Lamp 

The  shallow,  cylindrical  receptacle  for  oil  is  ornamented  on  the  edge  with 
bead  pattern  and  below  that,  with  a  tongue  pattern.  There  are  three  equidis- 
tant nozzles  for  wicks  and  a  mask  of  Silenus,  the  hollow  space  behind  which 
does  not  communicate  with  the  receptacle.  In  the  center  rises  a  quasi-Doric 
column  surmounted  by  a  siren  with  folded  wings.  Above  her  head  is  a  ring, 
by  which  the  lamp  could  be  carried. 

Naples  72198.     Fifth  century  B.  C.     Mus.  Borb.  XV,  xxii  Weicker,  Der  Seelenvogel,  p.  192. 


ROMAN   OBJECTS 


CHEST 

A  well-to-do  Roman  needed  a  strong  box  in  which  valuables 
could  be  kept.  This  often  stood  in  the  atrium  of  the  house.  Such 
was  the  case  with  the  original  of  the  chest  here  exhibited. 

18.  (24283)     Chest 

The  chest  is  of  wood  (?),  sheathed  with  iron  and  finished  with  bronze  trim- 
mings. On  the  front  are  various  heads  and  busts,  as  follows:  in  the  lower 
row  a  maenad,  ivy-crowned,  between  two  Cupids,  one  having  an  ivy- wreath 
around  his  neck  and  the  other  a  crown  of  grape  clusters  on  his  head;  in  the 
upper  row  a  boar's  head  between  a  Diana,  characterized  by  her  quiver,  and 
a  maenad,  wearing  a  fawn's  skin;  above  the  boar,  a  lion's  (?)  head.  For 
raising  the  lid  there  is  a  handle,  formed  of  two  palmettes.  The  fastenings  of 
the  lid  are  at  the  two  ends  of  the  chest. 

Naples  73021.      Pompeii.     De  Longperier.     Revue  archeologique,  1868  2.  PI.  xx  and  p.  171; 
Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  Fig.  1 20.     [The  boar's  head  is  missing  from  this  reproduction.) 

COUCHES 

The  Romans  reclined  at  dinner  upon  couches,  which  were  sim- 
ilar to  their  beds.  The  typical  dining-room  contained  three  couches, 
each  intended  to  accommodate  three  persons.  The  "upper"  couch 
(lectus  summus)  had  a  headboard,  the  "lower"  (lectus  imus)  a  foot- 
board. See  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  pp.  263,  367,  368;  Ransom,  Stud- 
ies in  Ancient  Furniture,  p.  32.  The  three  couches  of  a  set  would 
naturally  be  of  a  similar  pattern,  and  in  particular  the  two  pairs  of 
curved  end-rests  (fulcra)  would  correspond.  The  descriptions  of 
the  four  following  objects  have  been  written  on  the  assumption  that 
these  objects  in  their  original  form  were  dining  couches  rather  than 
bedsteads. 

19.  (24299)     Couch 

Parts  of  two  or  three  couches,  improperly  restored  as  a  single  couch  with 
five  legs. 

Naples  72985. 

20.  (24289)     Couch 

Parts  of  one  or  more  couches  improperly  restored  as  a  seat. 

Naples  in 764.     There  is  probably  no  warrant  for  the  curving  form  given  in  the  restoration 
to  the  two  long  sides. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  103 

21.  (24282)     "Bisellium" 

Parts  of  two  or  three  couches,  improperly  restored  as  a  seat.  The  two 
fulcra  in  front  end  in  horses'  heads  above  and  have  busts  of  bearded,  horned 
satyrs  on  the  medallions  below.  Those  at  the  back  end  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds 
above  and  have  masks  of  Medusa  below.  The  rails  are  inlaid  with  copper 
and  silver  in  alternating  meanders  and  rosettes. 

Naples  72988.     Pompeii.     Mus.  Borb.  II,  xxxi.  i;    Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  227. 

22.  (24306)     "Bisellium" 

Parts  of  two  or  three  couches  improperly  restored  as  a  seat.  The  two  ful- 
cra in  front  end  above  in  mules'  heads  and  have  busts  of  bearded,  horned  satyrs, 
ivy-crowned,  on  the  medallions  below.  Those  at  the  back  end  above  in  heads 
of  aquatic  birds  and  have  masks  of  Medusa  on  the  medallions  below.  The  rails 
in  front  are  inlaid  with  copper  and  silver  in  alternating  meanders  and  rosettes. 
Each  foot  has  an  inlaid  garland  and  rosette,  and  there  are  still  other  inlaid 
patterns  on  the  legs. 

Naples  72992.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  II,  xxxi,  2;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  227.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  two  satyrs,  one  of  which  is  now  missing. 


TABLES   AND   STANDS 

The  light  tables  or  stands  represented  in  this  collection  were  used 
in  Roman  houses  for  supporting  vases  and  other  such  objects.  See 
Overbeck,  Pompeii,  p.  429;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  p.  369. 

23.  (24259)     Round  Table 

Three  claw-footed  legs,  resting  on  a  low,  three-armed,  molded  base.  They 
are  ornamented  with  an  elaborate  pattern  of  scrolls,  wings,  palmettes,  etc., 
in  the  midst  of  which  is  an  archaistic  head  of  Hercules,  bearded  and  wearing 
a  lion's  skin.  They  are  united  by  three  scrolls  attached  to  an  upright,  molded 
centerpiece.  Higher  up,  the  legs  take  the  form  of  sphinxes,  from  between 
whose  wings  rise  floral  stems.  The  circular  top  rests  on  a  three-armed  sup- 
port attached  to  these  stems.  The  high  rim  around  the  tray  is  adorned  with 
garlands  of  leaves  and  fruits  suspended  from  ox-skulls. 

Naples  72995.  Perhaps  from  Herculaneum.  Mus.  Borb.  IX,  XIII ;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii, 
Fig.  191.  Pernice,  Jahrbuch  des  arch&ologischen  Jnstituts,  1908,  pp.  107  ff.,  argues  that  the  round 
tray  did  not  originally  belong  to  the  tripod. 

24.  (24281)     Round  Table 

Claw-footed  legs  rest  on  a  triangular  base,  consisting  of  three  molded,  cylin- 
drical supports,  connected  by  crossbars.  Near  the  top  each  leg  takes  the  form 
of  the  forepart  of  a  hound  springing  upward  from  a  group  of  leaves.  A  three- 
armed  brace  connects  the  legs. 

Naples  78613. 

25.  (24288)     Rectangular  Table 

Four  legs,  each  ending  below  in  a  hoof  and  having  a  horse's  head  near  the 
top.  The  legs  are  connected  in  such  a  way  that  the  top  can  be  raised  or  low- 
ered.    The  frame  of  the  top  has  inlaid  rosettes  in  front. 

Naples  1 1 1047.  Pompeii.  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1876,  p.  27.  According  to  this  record  there  ap- 
pears to  have  been  evidence  that  the  original  top  was  of  wood,  as  in  this  reproduction. 


104      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  —  Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

26.  (24290)     Rectangular  Table 

The  four  legs  are  connected  in  such  a  way  that  the  top  can  be  raised  or 
lowered.  They  end  below  in  claw  feet  on  round,  molded  bases.  Above  they 
are  encircled  with  acanthus  and  other  leaves,  from  which  emerge  young  satyrs, 
each  holding  a  rabbit  under  the  left  arm.  The  legs,  below  the  acanthus 
leaves,  are  ornamented  with  elaborate  floral  patterns,  inlaid  in  silver  (?), 
while  other  less  elaborate  patterns  are  inlaid  on  the  adjustable  connecting 
pieces  and  the  frame  of  the  marble  top. 

Naples  72994.     Pompeii.     Mus.  Borb.  XV,  vi;    Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  230,  c. 

27.  (24291)     Stand 

Four  claw  feet  resting  on  round,  molded  bases  support  a  rectangular  pedes- 
tal, on  whose  upper  surface,  at  each  corner,  is  an  inlaid  copper  rosette.  On 
the  center  of  this  pedestal  is  a  smaller,  round  pedestal,  on  which  is  a  Victory 
poised  upon  a  sphere.  With  her  right  hand  she  supports  against  her  shoulder 
a  trophy  (cuirass,  helmet,  shield  and  sword,  attached  to  a  cross).  In  her  left 
hand  there  may  have  been  a  palm  branch.  On  the  sphere  are  a  star  and  a  cres- 
cent of  copper  inlay.  Behind  the  Victory  is  a  rectangular  pillar,  unusually 
elongated,  but  otherwise  typical,  surmounted  by  a  bearded  head  representing 
Hermes.  Above  the  head  the  support  assumes  a  vase-like  form,  upon  which 
is  a  four-armed  rest. 

Naples  72987.  Pompeii.  Fiorelli,  Scavi  di  Pompeii  dal  1861  al  1872,  p.  163,  No.  140.  Ac- 
cording to  this  notice  there  was  a  small  square  of  marble  on  the  four-armed  rest.  The  whole 
probably  formed  a  stand  for  some  light  object,  such  as  a  small  vase. 

28.  (24159,  24297)     Tripod  and  Tray 

The  round  tray  has  a 'flange,  which  rests  upon  the  tripod,  without  being  at- 
tached to  it.  The  tripod  is  adjustable.  The  legs  are  claw-footed  and  have 
leaf  and  other  ornaments,  one  of  which  appears  to  represent  the  head  and  part 
of  the  body  of  a  serpent. (?) 

Naples  73950?     Mus.  Borb.  V,  lx,  4;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  230,  b. 

29.  (24164)     Tripod 

The  tripod  is  adjustable.  The  flat  legs  are  claw-footed  and  have  leaf-shaped 
terminations  above.  These  must  have  supported  a  round  tray,  like  that  of  No. 
28. 

Naples  73952- 

FOLDING  STOOLS 

The  two  folding  stools  which  follow  resemble  in  construction  the 
curule  seat  {sella  curulis),  which  was  used  as  a  symbol  of  office  by 
Roman  municipal  magistrates,  as  well  as  by  the  higher  magistrates 
of  Rome  itself.  Perhaps,  as  is  commonly  believed,  these  speci- 
mens actually  served  as  sellae  curules;  but  possibly  they  were  for 
ordinary  domestic  use.  See  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Antiquities,  s.  v.  sella. 

30.  (24305)TFolding  Stool  < 

The  legs  end  below  in  the  heads  of  animals,  holding  in  their  open  mouths 
transversely  ribbed  pieces,  which  rest  upon  the  floor. 
Naples  73153.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xxvni. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  105 

31.     (24300)     Folding  Stool 

The  legs  end  below  in  animals'  heads,  similar  to  those  of  No.  30,  but  fan- 
tastically prolonged  into  a  sort  of  proboscis,  which  rests  upon  the  floor. 

Naples  73152.  Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xxvm.  The  design  of  garlands  on  the  modern  wooden 
frame  is  said  in  the  text  of  the  Museo  Borbonico  to  be  copied  from  the  impression  left  by  the  origi- 
nal ivory  (?)   frame. 


OTHER   FURNITURE 

32.  "  (24162)     Chair 

Only  the  bronze  portions  are  antique. 
Naples  1 1 1050.     Pompeii.     Not.  d.  Scavi,  1876,  p.   27. 

33.  (24284)     Bench 

The  legs  are  set  a  good  way  in  from  the  ends.  They  curve  outward,  and 
each  pair  rest  on  a  flat  cross-bar. 

Naples  73017.     From  the  so-called  Stabian  Baths  of  Pompeii  (?). 

34.  (24280)     Basin 

In  the  center  of  the  basin  are  patterns  of  silver  and  copper  inlay.     Around 

the  edge  is  an  egg-and-dart  pattern.     The  basin  rests  upon  a  marble  support, 

which  is  decorated  with  downward-pointing  leaves  and  fruit-stems. 

Naples  72990.  The  statement  of  Monaco  that  this  basin  is  from  the  Temple  of  Isis  at  Pompeii 
appears  to  be  without  foundation.  Probably  it  is  from  a  private  house,  like  the  marble  basin 
shown  in  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  236. 


LAMPS 

Candles  of  wax  and  of  tallow  were  familiar  to  the  ancient 
Romans,  but  their  use  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  the  poor. 
Lamps,  in  which  olive  oil  was  burned,  were  in  much  more  general 
use.  The  cheaper  ones,  which  have  survived  in  immense  numbers, 
are  of  earthenware,  but  bronze  lamps  were  not  rare.  They  are 
small,  and  have  usually  one,  two,  or  three  nozzles  for  wicks.  The 
aperture  for  filling  the  lamp  is  provided  with  a  removable  cover. 
If  the  lamp  was  to  be  carried  about,  it  has  a  handle,  often  of  orna- 
mental form.     Many  lamps  are  furnished  with  chains  for  suspension. 

35.     (24212,   24308)     Lamp 

Three  nozzles.  Handle  formed  of  two  curving  stems,  attached  above  to 
a  heart-shaped  plate,  which  is  ornamented  at  top  and  bottom  with  palmettes. 
On  the  cover  a  dancing  ( ?)  youth,  poised  on  his  right  foot  and  looking  back- 
ward. He  is  nude,  except  for  a  loin-cloth;  on  his  head  is  a  peaked  cap;  from 
his  right  hand  a  pick-wick  depends  by  ring  and  chain.  The  small  pedestal  to 
which  the  foot  of  the  statuette  is  attached  is  furnished  with  two  projections 
corresponding  to  two  slots.  Except  when  the  statuette  is  so  turned  that  the 
projections  slip  through  the  slots,  the  lifting  of  the  figure  lifts  the  entire  cover. 

Naples  722S4.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII.  xxvm;  Mus.  Borb.  IV,  lviii;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig. 
231,  o;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii.  Fig.  196. 


106      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

36.  (24237)     Lamp 

One  nozzle.  The  handle  resembles  two  stems,  attached  below  by  simple 
leaves,  drawn  together  at  the  middle  by  a  band,  and  united  above  to  a  heart- 
shaped  member.  To  the  point  of  this  member  the  cover  is  attached  by  a 
chain  and  rings.  Towards  the  front  are  rosettes,  one  on  each  side,  connected 
by  a  stem  passing  underneath  the  lamp. 

Naples  72221. 

37.  (24239)     Lamp 

This  lamp  resembles  No.  36  in  design,  but  is  smaller  and  somewhat  simpler. 
The  cover  is  missing. 
Naples  72223. 

38.  (24257)     Lamp 

One  nozzle.  The  handle  is  attached  below  by  a  mask  of  Silenus  (?),  and 
its  free  upper  end  is  modeled  as  a  lion's  head. 

Naples  72327.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xlvii,  3  shows  a  similar  handle. 

39.  (24213)         Suspension  Lamp 

Three  equi-distant  arms  end  in  nozzles  for  wicks.  The  body  of  the  lamp 
is  ornamented  with  a  festoon  of  leaves  and  ribbons  and  with  three  masks. 

Naples  72180.  Herculaneum.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  li;  Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xlvii, 1;  Overbeck, 
Pompeii,  Fig.  231,  q;   Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  Fig.  197. 

40.  (24255)     Suspension  Lamp 

Two  nozzles.  On  each  side  the  forepart  of  a  bull.  Where  the  body  of 
the  lamp  begins  to  pass  into  the  nozzle  at  either  end  there  is  a  sort  of  stem, 
going  underneath  and  terminating  above  in  a  flower  on  each  side.  On  the  top 
of  the  lamp  are  two  ducks,  their  heads  bent  back  to  form  rings  for  the  suspension 
chains.    The  inscription-plate  gives  the  owner's  name  as  Decius  Junius  Proculus. 

Naples  72166.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  XVI.  Frontispiece.  The  inscription  {C.  I.  L.  X. 
8071,  41)  reads:    D   •  IVNI  PROQVLI. 

41.  (24253)     Suspension  Lamp 

Three  nozzles.  The  body  is  adorned  with  a  festoon  of  leaves  and  ribbons 
and  three  differing  masks, — one  of  them  at  least  a  theatric  mask.  The  cover  is 
in  the  form  of  a  fluted  vase,  its  bottom  perforated  to  permit  the  introduction 
of  oil  into  the  lamp.  This  cover  is  so  contrived  that  it  cannot  be  removed 
except  in  one  position,  which  allows  two  projections  to  slip  through  two  cor- 
responding slots  in  the  mouth  of  the  lamp. 

Naples  72181. 

42.  (24225)     Lamp  with  Folding  Handle 

There  is  one  nozzle,  just  behind  which  there  passes  under  the  lamp  a  sort 
of  stem,  ending  in  rosettes  above.  The  handle,  hinged  at  the  middle,  is  attached 
to  the  lamp  by  two  heads  of  aquatic  birds. 

Naples  72336.  Stabiae.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lv.  The  illustration  shows  a  cover,  attached  by 
a  chain  to  the  inner  end  of  the  handle.     This  cover  appears  to  be  now  missing. 

43.  (24218,  24023)     Night  Lamp  and  Saucer 

The  egg-shaped  body  of  the  lamp  is  loaded  with  lead  in  its  lower  part  to 
ensure  stability.  The  cylindrical  tube  for  the  wick  has  a  slit  on  one  side  to 
provide  contact  with  the  oil.  When  the  hinged  cover  was  shut  down,  the  flame 
was  largely  concealed.  There  is  a  short  flat  handle.  The  shallow  plate  or 
saucer,  found  with  the  lamp,  may  have  been  been  used  with  it. 

Naples  72298.     Stabiae.     Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lv. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  107 


CANDELABRA 

The  word  candelabrum,  originally  signifying  a  candle  holder 
(cf.  Nos.  15,  16),  came  to  be  applied  to  lamp  standards,  which  resem- 
bled in  construction  the  candle  holders.  The  essential  parts  of  one  of 
these  lamp  standards  are:  (1)  a  three-footed  base;  (2)  a  shaft; 
(3)  a  disk  for  a  single  lamp.  Tall  candelabra  of  this  type  stood 
on  the  floor;  short  ones,  like  No.  66,  on  tables.  The  name  candelabra 
is  further  applied  to  other  lamp  holders  of  elaborate  design,  such  as 
Nos.  67-73.  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  and 
Daremberg  et  Saglio,  Dictionnaire  des  antiquites,  s.  v.  candelabrum; 
Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  p.  372. 

44.  (24241)     Candelabrum 

The  horizontal  portion  of  each  leg  ends  in  the  head  of  some  feline  animal, 
which  grips  in  its  jaws  the  claw  foot.  On  the  upper  surface  of  the  leg  is  a 
leaf  with  recurved  point.  Between  the  legs  are  double  palmettes  with  female 
masks  (Medusa?)  at  the  center.  The  fluted  shaft  rises  from  an  ornamented 
socket  or  base.     The  vase-like  top  is  ornamented  with  various  patterns  in  relief. 

Naples  73046. 

45.  (24238)     Candelabrum 

This  candelabrum  resembles  No.  44  in  structure  and  in  ornamental  details, 
but  is  smaller. 

Naples  73049.     Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxxviii  (?) 

46.  (24236)     Candelabrum  • 
Between  the  claw-footed  legs  are  open-work  palmettes.     Acanthus  leaves, 

starting  from  the  base  of  the  shaft,  extend  on  to  the  upper  surfaces  of  the 
legs.     The   shaft  is  fluted.     The   vase-like   top   is   ornamented   with   various 
patterns  in  relief. 
Naples  73032. 

47.  (24229)     Candelabrum 

The  three  legs  have  an  unusual  amount  of  curvature,  and  the  claw  feet 
rest  on  rectangular  molded  bases.  Between  the  legs  are  double  palmettes. 
The  shaft,  rising  from  an  ornamented  socket,  is  surrounded  below  by  four  rows 
of  leaves,  and  above  these  is  fluted  with  alternately  deep  and  shallow  channels. 
The  vase-like  top  has  comparatively  little  ornamentation. 

Naples  73048. 

48.  (24228)     Candelabrum 

Between  the  claw-footed  legs  are  relatively  large  tragic  masks  in  horizontal 
position.  The  shaft  is  fluted.  The  vase-like  top  is  ornamented  with  patterns 
in  relief. 

Naples  73050. 

49.  (24244)     Candelabrum 

Between  the  claw-footed  legs  are  ornaments,  each  consisting  of  the  head 
of  a  horned  and  bearded  satyr  and  of  a  system  of  palmettes.     The  transition 


108      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

from  legs  to  shaft  is  covered  by  three  inverted  acanthus  leaves.  The  shaft, 
which  springs  from  a  group  of  conventionalized  leaves,  is  fluted  with  alternately 
deep  and  shallow  channels  and  is  surmounted  by  a  fantastic  three-cornered 
capital,  whose  angles  are  formed  by  the  foreparts  of  winged  monsters.  Upon 
this  capital  is  a  vase-like  top,  ornamented  with  patterns  in  relief. 
Naples   73045- 

50.  (24245)     Candelabrum 

There  are  long  leaf  ornaments  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  claw-footed 
legs.  The  fluted  shaft  springs  from  a  sort  of  calyx,  and  is  surmounted  by  a 
modified  Ionic  capital  with  diagonally  placed  volutes.  Upon  the  capital  is 
a  female  head,  and  upon  this  the  lamp-support,  its  disk  edged  with  bead  and 
egg-and-dart   ornaments. 

Naples  73051.     Ant:  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxxvii. 

51.  (24247)     Candelabrum 

The  claw  feet  rest  upon  open-mouthed  frogs.  Between  the  legs  are  palm- 
ettes.  The  lower  part  of  the  shaft  is  encircled  with  inverted  leaves,  three  of 
which  extend  on  to  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  legs.  The  main  portion  of  the 
shaft  is  fluted  and  is  surmounted  by  a  bell-shaped  capital.  Upon  this  stands 
a  triple  herm, —  three  male  figures,  modeled  down  to  the  loins  and  carrying 
on  their  shoulders  a  he-goat,  a  calf  (?)  and  a  lamb  (?).  The  one  with  the  he- 
goat  is  himself  horned  and  probably  represents  the  god  Pan.  From  the  center 
of  the  triple  herm  rises  a  short  stem,  which  expands  into  the  lamp-support. 
Naples  73°S5- 

52.  (24232)     Candelabrum 

The  claw  feet  rest  on  round,  molded  pedestals.  Between  the  legs  are 
leaf-like  ornaments  bearing  palmettes  on  their  upper  surfaces.  The  socket 
from  which  the  fluted  shaft  rises  is  ornamented  with  tongue  patterns.  The 
capital  is  bud-shaped,  with  heads  of  aquatic  birds  emerging  from  between  the 
sepals.  Two  rows  of  leaves  encircle  the  base  of  the  top.  The  disk  for  the 
lamp  is  scalloped. 

Naples   73042. 

53.  (24256)     Candelabrum 

The  three  legs  imitate  human  right  legs.  Above  them  is  a  circular  plate, 
bearing  on  its  center  a  molded  base,  from  which  rises  the  plain  rectangular 
shaft  surmounted  by  two  terminal  busts.  These  seem  to  have  each  a  pair  of 
small  wings  and  may  be  intended  for  Cupid  and  Psyche.  The  smaller  adjustable 
shaft  bears  a  vase-like  top. 

Naples  113417.     Pompeii.     Not.d.  Scavi,  1880,  p.  152. 

54.  (24230)     Candelabrum 

Feet  and  shaft  are  formed  by  three  serpents  twisted    together.       From 
between  their  heads  rises  the  vase-like  top. 
Naples  1 097 1 5. 

55.  (24233)     Candelabrum 

Legs  and  shaft  imitate  a  reed-like  plant,  which  divides  above  into  three 
branches,  supporting  the  disk. 

Naples  72172  (?)     Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxxii  (?). 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  109 

56.  (24242)     Candelabrum 

The  three  feet  are  connected  by  means  of  recurved  leaves,  volutes  and 
palmettes  to  the  corners  of  a  base,  whose  three  sides  are  bordered  with  leaf-and- 
dart  patterns  and  whose  edges  bear  bead  patterns.  The  transition  from  base 
to  shaft  is  effected  by  three  inverted  palmette  leaves.  The  fluted  shaft  is 
apparently  conceived  as  made  up  of  separate  rods,  held  together  at  one  point 
by  a  sort  of  ferule.  From  the  shaft  rises  the  vase-like  top,  decorated  with 
leaves. 

Naples  73023. 

57.  (24231)     Candelabrum 

Above  the  three  claw  feet  is  a  plate-like  member,  elaborately  ornamented 
with  concentric  patterns  on  its  upper  surface  and  its  edges.  From  a  socket  on 
the  center  of  the  plate  rises  the  fluted  shaft.  Above  the  shaft  transitional 
members  lead  to  the  vase-like  top,  all  profusely  decorated  with  floral  and  other 
patterns,  even  on  the  upper  surface  where  the  lamp  rested. 

Naples  73087.     Mus.  Borb.  I.  xi. 

58.  (24246)     Candelabrum 

Above  the  three  claw  feet  is  a 'plate-like  member,  decorated  with  a  laurel 
wreath  and  other  patterns.  From  a  socket  on  the  center  of  the  plate  rises  the 
fluted  shaft.  Above  the  shaft  transitional  members  lead  to  the  vase-like  top, 
all  profusely  decorated  with  leaf  and  other  patterns. 

Naples  73090. 

59.  (24234)     Candelabrum 

Above  the  three  claw  feet  is  a  plate-like  member,  decorated  with  various 
concentric  patterns.  From  a  socket  on  the  center  of  the  plate  rises  the  fluted 
shaft.  Above  the  shaft  transitional  members  lead  to  the  vase-like  top,  all 
profusely  decorated  with  floral  and  other  patterns. 

Naples  73091. 

60.  (24248)     Candelabrum  and  Lamp 

The  three  feet,  which  imitate  no  natural  form,  are  constructed  as  if  hinged  at 
the  middle.  Above  them  is  a  plain  disk,  convex  on  its  upper  face.  From  the 
center  of  this,  without  any  ornamental  socket,  rises  the  fluted  shaft.  Above 
the  shaft  is  a  simple,  unornamented  top.  Furthermore,  this  candelabrum  car- 
ries a  lateral  lamp-rest,  which  can  be  slid  up  and  down  the  shaft  and  held  in 
place  by  a  pin.  On  this  rest  is  a  single-wick  lamp,  with  ring  handle  and  with 
bead  pattern  around  the  upper  surface. 

Naples  73151.     Mus.  Borb.  XVI,  Frontispiece. 

61.  (24249)     Candelabrum 

The  comparatively  inartistic  feet  do  not  imitate  any  natural  form.  Above 
them  is  a  circular  plate,  bearing  on  its  center  a  molded  base,  from  which  rises 
the  plain  rectangular  shaft.  Two  terminal  bearded  heads  surmount  the 
shaft,  one  with  ram's  horns  and  ivy  wreath  representing  Ammon,  the  other  with 
broad  head-band,  probably  Dionysus.  The  smaller  adjustable  shaft  bears  a  top 
in  the  form  of  a  vase  (crater),  with  handles  of  twisted  wire. 

Naples  73095.     Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxx. 


no      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

62.  (24252)     Candelabrum 

The  three  legs  in  their  lower  parts  imitate  dolphins  with  small  shells  in  their 
mouths.  Between  the  legs  are  scallop  shells,  partially  joined  to  one  another 
and,  above,  to  the  central  member.  On  this  is  a  molded  base,  from  which  rises 
the  plain  rectangular  shaft,  surmounted  by  two  terminal  female  busts.  One 
of  these  has  on  a  Phrygian  cap,  the  other  the  skin  of  an  elephant's  head  (?). 
The  smaller,  adjustable  shaft  bears  a  vase-like  top. 

Naples  113424.     Pompeii.     Not.  d.  Scavi,  1883,  p.  136. 

63.  (24251)     Candelabrum 

Cloven-footed  legs,  on  whose  horizontal  parts  are  recurved  leaves;  between 
them,  broad,  flat  shells.  From  a  molded  base  rises  the  rectangular  shaft,  sur- 
mounted by  two  terminal  heads  representing  Hercules  and  Omphale,  the  latter 
having  her  head  covered  with  a  lion's  skin.  The  smaller,  adjustable  shaft  bears 
a  vase-like  top. 

Naples  1 20261.     Pompeii.     Not.  d.  Scavi,  1890,  p.  221. 

64.  (24243)     Candelabrum 

The  legs  end  in  cloven  hoofs.  The  horizontal  portion  of  each  leg  is  covered 
by  two  long  narrow  leaves,  the  end  of  the  one  below  rolled  into  a  scroll,  that  of 
the  one  above  recurved.  Heads  of  marine  monsters  project  from  the  central 
member  and  rest  upon  the  legs.  Between  the  legs  are  broad,  flat  shells.  From 
a  molded  base  rises  the  rectangular  shaft,  surmounted  by  two  terminal  busts 
representing  a  satyr  and  an  ivy-crowned  maenad.  The  smaller  adjustable 
shaft  bears  a  vase-like  top. 

Naples  111228. 

65.  (24254)     Candelabrum 

The  legs  resemble  those  of  No.  60.  Above  them  is  a  circular  plate,  from 
which  rises  the  hollow  cylindrical  shaft,  encircled  at  the  top  by  four  bands.  The 
smaller  adjustable  shaft  bears  a  vase-like  top. 

Naples  72197. 

66.  (24235)     Candelabrum 

This  specimen  resembles  No.  55,  but  on  a  much  reduced  scale. 

Naples  72115. 

67.  (24223)     Candelabrum 

A  Silenus  is  seated  upon  a  rock  and  somewhat  turned  to  the  left.  With 
his  left  hand  he  grips  the  neck  of  a  partially  filled  wine-skin,  which  hangs  over 
his  left  arm.  The  top  of  his  head  is  bald;  his  hairy  body  is  nude,  except  for 
a  single  garment  carelessly  draped.  Behind  him  is  a  twisted  stalk,  bearing 
acanthus  leaves  at  intervals  and  dividing  into  two  branches,  which  support 
each  a  lamp-rest. 

Naples  72206.     Mus.  Borb.  IV,  lix,  i;    Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  233,  d. 

68.  (24222)     Candelabrum 

The  three-stepped,  rectangular  pedestal  is  supported  by  claw  feet  resting 
on  low  round  bases.  On  the  pedestal  stands  a  drunken  Silenus.  He  has  thick- 
soled  shoes  on  his  stumpy  feet  and  a  loose  garment  hanging  from  his  shoulders. 
To  his  back  is  attached  a  cluster  of  leaves,  from  which  spring  two  diverging 
branches  carrying  each  a  lamp-rest.  In  the  crotch  of  the  branches  is  perched 
a  parrot. 

Naples  72199.     Herculaneum.     Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxiv;    Mus.  Borb.  VII,  xxx. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  hi 

69.  (24216)     Candelabrum 

Four  claw  feet  are  attached  by  volutes  and  palmettes  to  the  rectangular 
pedestal.  At  the  front  is  a  rectangular  recess,  with  a  semicircular  projection 
within  the  recess.  On  the  back  part  of  the  main  pedestal  is  a  small  square 
pedestal,  from  which  rises  a  fluted  column,  ending  in  a  vase-like  top.  This 
bears  three  arms,  from  each  of  which  is  suspended  a  lamp.  Two  of  these  are 
single-wick  lamps,  closely  similar  in  design,  with  handles  ending  above  in 
horses'  heads.  The  third  has  two  nozzles,  has  a  lion's  head  on  each  side,  and 
rings,  formed  of  birds'  heads  and  necks,  for  the  suspension  chains.  On  the  main 
pedestal,  in  front  of  the  column,  is  an  octagonal  altar  with  a  pointed  object  on 
top  intended  to  represent  flame.  The  vertical  faces  of  the  main  pedestal,  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  altar,  and  of  the  column  pedestal  are  enriched  with 
palmette-and-lotus  patterns  and  other  patterns  in  relief. 

Naples  72195.     Mus.  Borb.  VIII,  PL  xxxi. 

70.  (24217)     Candelabrum 

Four  claw  feet  resting  on  round,  molded  bases.  Square  pedestal,  from 
the  center  of  which  rises  an  Ionic  column,  the  fantastic  capital  having  a  female 
mask  on  each  of  its  two  principal  faces.  From  the  abacus  of  the  capital  spring 
four  scroll-shaped  supports,  each  carrying  a  suspended  lamp.  Two  of  the 
lamps  (one  of  them  accompanied  by  a 'pick- wick)  are  of  similar  design,  each 
having  a  curved  handle  ending  above  in  a  horse's  head.  One  (with  missing 
cover)  has  a  plain  tablet,  presumably  intended  for  the  owner's  name  (cf.  No.  40). 

Naples  72191.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  PI.  lxvii.  The  illustration  shows  only  two  lamps,  which 
are  not  identical  with  any  two  of  the  present  four. 

71.  (24226)     Candelabrum 

Four  claw  feet  connected  by  acanthus  leaves  to  the  rectangular,  molded 
pedestal.  On  the  back  part  of  the  pedestal  is  a  realistic  tree-trunk,  dividing 
at  the  top  into  four  branches.  These,  with  a  smaller,  lateral  branch,  carry  five 
suspension  lamps  of  varying  designs.  One  of  these  has  lions'  heads  and  bird's 
neck  rings  like  one  of  No.  69.  The  lateral  branch  appears  to  have  been 
designed  to  carry  two  lamps,  one  of  which  is  missing. 

Naples  72231.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxv;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  233,  c;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii, 
Fig.  202. 

72.  (24227)     Candelabrum 

Four  claw  feet  resting  on  round,  molded  bases  are  attached  by  volutes  and 
palmettes  to  a  rectangular  pedestal  having  a  semicircular  recess  in  front.  The 
moldings  of  the  pedestal  are  ornamented  with  leaf-and-dart,  egg  and  bead 
patterns.  On  the  upper  surface  of  the  pedestal  near  the  edges,  are  vine 
branches,  the  stems  inlaid  in  copper,  the  leaves  inlaid  in  silver,  and  the  tendrils 
and  grapes  engraved.  On  one  side  of  the  pedestal  is  a  statuette  of  a  she- 
panther,  on  which  rides  a  young  Bacchus,  nude,  ivy-crowned  and  holding  up  a 
drinking-horn  in  his  right  hand.  On  the  other  side  is  a  rectangular  altar,  on 
which  are  sticks  laid  cross-wise  and  burning.  From  the  back  part  of  the  pedes- 
tal rises  a  square  pillar.  Near  the  top  of  this,  in  front,  is  a  female  mask;  at 
the  back  an  ox-skull.  On  each  side  of  the  nondescript  capital  is  a  flower  in 
relief,  and  on  the  top  an  upstanding,  flower-like  ornament.  Four  ornamental 
curving  arms  diverge  diagonally  from  the  capital,  each  carrying  a  double-wick 
suspension  lamp.  One  of  these  has  on  each  side  an  elephant's  head  and  is 
overarched  by  two  dolphins,  heads  downward;    another  has  above,  near  each 


ii2      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

side,  an  eagle  grasping  a  thunderbolt;    another  has  on  each  side  the  forepart 
of  a  bull;    and  the  fourth  is  nearly  plain. 

Naples  73000.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  II.  xm;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Tig.  233,  e;  Mau-Kelsey, 
Pompeii,  Fig.  201. 

73.     (24219)     Candelabrum 

Four  claw  feet  resting  on  round,  molded  bases.  Square,  molded  pedestal, 
having  at  the  corners  of  its  upper  surface  palmette  patterns,  inlaid  in  silver. 
Near  the  back  a  smaller,  cylindrical  pedestal,  from  which  rises  a  tree-like 
support.  This  bears  three  branches,  from  each  of  which  is  suspended  a  single- 
wick  lamp.  One  is  in  the  form  of  a  snail  shell,  with  the  snail  protruding;  the 
second,  somewhat  smaller,  is  in  the  form  of  a  snail  shell,;  the  third  has  a 
crescent-shaped  handle,  with  ring  below. 

Naples  72226.  Pompeii.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lxvi;  Mus.  Borb.  XVI,  xxi.  Inasmuch 
as  the  illustrations  cited  do  not  show  the  third  lamp,  this  must  have  been  subsequently  added  in 
the  Museum  of  Naples. 


CENSER 

The  following  object,  often  classed  with  the  candelabra,  is  evidently 
better  adapted  for  burning  incense,  the  cup-like  top  serving  to  hold 
charcoal. 

74.     (24240)     Censer 

Three-sided  base  with  claw  feet.  On  each  side  of  the  base  a  double  palmette 
ornament.  The  base  is  finished  off  above  with  Ionic  volutes.  The  shaft  has 
at  intervals  projecting  rings  and  disks,  after  the  fashion  of  a  wooden  shaft 
turned  on  a  lathe.     The  cup-like  top  is  in  the  form  of  a  lotus  flower. 

Naples  72193.  Blumner,  Kunstgewerbe  im  Altertum,  II,  Fig.  39.  As  the  illustration  shows, 
the  Naples  Museum  has  a  pair  of  these  objects  as  closely  alike  as  possible. 


LAMP-RESTS 

These  low  lamp-rests  were  set  upon  tables.  Each  has  a  circular 
top  and  seems  to  have  been  designed  for  a  special  lamp  (Pernice,  in 
the  Anzeiger  of  the  Jahrbuch  des  archaologischen  Instituts,  1900,  pp. 
181-2).  Each  is  supported  on  three  claw  feet.  The  first  seven  of  the 
nine  following  specimens  are  essentially  similar,  consisting  of  disk, 
legs,  and  depending  ornaments  between  the  legs. 

75.  (24081)     Lamp-rest 
Open-work  ornaments  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72249.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xxx,  i. 

76.  (24067)     Lamp-rest 
Open-work  ornaments  between  the  legs. 

Naples  72246  (?).  ^ 

77.  (24084)     Lamp-rest 
Open-work  ornaments  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72282  (?). 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  113 

78.  (24082)     Lamp-rest 
Palmettes  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72324. 

79.  (24073)     Lamp-rest 
Acanthus  leaves  between  the  legs. 
Naples  1 1 0988. 

80.  (24009)     Lamp-rest 

Broad,  notched  leaves  (acanthus  ?)  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72270. 

81.  (24075)     Lamp-rest 

Palmettes  and  open  scrolls  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72379  (?)• 

82.  (24076)     Lamp-rest 

No  ornaments  between  the  legs. 
Naples  72373  (?)• 

83.  (24072)     Lamp-rest 

The  lamp-disk,  edged  with  egg  ornament,  is  joined  by  a  central  stem  to  a 
lower  disk.  Each  of  the  claw-footed  supports  has  the  form  above  of  the  fore  part 
of  a  winged  lion. 

Naples  72387. 

LANTERNS 

A  Roman  lantern  consists  of  a  small  oil  lamp  set  in  the  middle  of 
a  cylindrical  frame,  originally  enclosed  with  some  transparent  sub- 
stance, such  as  mica  or  horn.  There  is  a  perforated  cover,  which 
could  be  lifted  so  as  to  get  at  the  lamp.  A  handle  for  carrying  is 
connected  by  chains  to  the  two  upright  pieces  of  the  frame.  Smith, 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  s.  v.  lanterna;  Overbeck, 
Pompeii,  p.  448;  Pernice,  Jahrbuch  des  archdologischen  Instituts, 
Anzeiger,  1900,  pp.  192-194. 

84.  (24214)     Lantern 

The  lamp  is  provided  with  an  extinguisher,  which  has  a  long  tubular  outlet 
bent  over  at  the  top  for  convenience  in  handling. 

Naples  72067.  Herculaneum.  Ant.  di  Ere.  VIII,  lvi;  Mus.  Borb.  V,  xn;  Overbeck. 
Pompeii,  Fig.  246.  The  original  has  on  the  cover  an  inscription  (C.  I.  L.  X,  8071,  55):  TIBVRTI- 
GATIS,  giving  the  name  of  the  owner  as  Tiburtius  Gates. 

85.  (24215)     Lantern 

Naples  72066. 

86.  (24224)     Lantern 

There  is  an  extinguisher  similar  to  that  of  No.  84. 
Naples  72084. 

87.  (24221)     Lantern 

A  pickwick  is  attached  to  the  bottom,  where  it  can  hardly  belong. 
Naples  7207s. 


ii4      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  —  Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 


BRAZIERS 

The  brazier,  or  open  pan  for  burning  charcoal,  was  the  usual  —  in 
Pompeii  almost  the  only  —  means  of  furnishing  artificial  heat  to  the 
living-rooms  of  Roman  houses.  Even  for  bathing  establishments 
there  was  no  more  efficient  system  until  the  invention,  early  in  the 
first  century  B.  C,  of  the  suspensura  or  hollow  floor  for  the  circulation 
of  hot  air. 

88.  (24287)     Large  Rectangular  Brazier 

At  the  front  corners  the  claw-footed  legs  are  modeled  above  in  the  form  of 
busts  of  sphinxes  emerging  from  clusters  of  leaves,  while  the  legs  at  the  back  are 
rectangular,  but  also  claw- footed.  The  frame  is  battlemented,  with  open-work 
palmettes  at  the  corners.  The  heifer  on  the  front  of  the  frame  stands  for 
Vaccula,  the  donor's  cognomen.     The  fire-bed  is  missing. 

Naples  73005.  From  the  so-called  Stabian  Baths  at  Pompeii.  The  inscription  (C.  /.  L.  X, 
8071,  48)  is  to  be  read:  M.  Nigidius  Vaccula  p(ecunia)  s(ua) ;  "  Marcus  Nigidius  Vaccula  (presented 
this  brazier)  from  his  private  means."  The  closely  similar  brazier  presented  by  the  same  Vaccula 
to  the  Baths  near  the  Forum  of  Pompeii  is  figured  in  Mus.  Borb.  II,  liv. 

89.  (24286)     Rectangular  Brazier 

The  feet  are  straight  and  plain.  At  .each  end  of  the  frame  is  a  swinging 
handle,  its  ends  modeled  as  heads  of  aquatic  birds.  The  ornamental  openings 
in  the  rim  are  of  battlement  form.     The  fire-bed  is  missing. 

Naples  72984. 

90.  (24292)     Rectangular  Brazier 

The  claw  feet  rest  on  round,  molded  bases.  On  one  long  side  of  the  frame  is 
a  pattern  of  copper  and  silver  inlay, —  two  scrolls  of  conventionalized  vegetable 
stems  and  flowers  springing  from  a  central  clump  of  acanthus  leaves.  On  the 
other  long  side  is  a  design,  also  of  copper  and  silver  inlay,  consisting  of  a  repeated 
pattern  of  scrolls,  palmettes  and  rosettes.  On  each  of  the  short  sides  are  two 
ivy  sprays  of  copper  inlay.  At  the  corners  are  upstanding  palmettes.  The 
fire-bed  is  missing. 

Naples  72989.     Mus.  Borb.  V,  xxvn,  2. 

91.  (24293)     Rectangular  Brazier 

The  claw  feet,  resting  on  round,  molded  bases,  take  above  the  form  of  lions' 
heads,  attached  by  recurved  wings  to  the  frame.  The  frame  has  a  leaf-and- 
dart  pattern  below  and  egg  and  bead  patterns  above.  On  each  of  the  long  sides 
are  three  heads,  a  maenad  ( ?)  between  two  satyrs.  On  each  of  the  ends  are 
two  lions'  heads.  The  rim  of  the  frame  is  battlemented.  The  fire-bed  is 
missing. 

Naples  72991.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xlv,  2,  3. 

92.  (24263)     Rectangular  Brazier 

The  four  claw  feet  rest  on  round,  molded  bases.  At  each  end  of  the  frame 
is  a  swinging  handle.  On  each  of  the  two  longer  sides~~are  two  comic  masks  and 
between  them  a  relief  of  a  lion  killing  a  bull.  The  rim  is  battlemented.  The 
fire-bed  is  of  cement  in  an  iron  pan. 

Naples  73014.     Mus.  Borb.  II,  xlvi,  2. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  115 

93.  (24261)     Round  Brazier 

The  three  claw  feet  are  finished  off  above  with  volutes  and  palmettes.  On 
the  frame  are  a  leaf-and-dart  pattern  below  and  an  egg  pattern  higher  up.  The 
fire-bed  is  of  cement. 

Naples  73010.     Mus.  Borb.  V,  xiv.  3. 

94.  (24295)     Round  Brazier 

There  are  three  claw  feet,  whose  attachments  are  in  the  form  of  leaves  and 
palmettes.  Around  the  lower  part  of  the  frame,  on  a  Lesbian  cyma,  is  a  leaf- 
and-flower  pattern,  with  a  bead  pattern  below  it.  Above  on  a  convex  ring  is  an 
egg  pattern  with  a  bead  pattern  above  it.  The  frame  is  finished  off  at  the  top 
with  rounded  battlements.     The  fire-bed  is  missing. 

Naples  7301 1.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xlv.  i. 

94a.     (24260)     Round  Brazier 

There  are  three  claw  feet,  resting  on  round,  molded  pedestals  and  termi- 
nating above  in  horned  satyrs'  heads  between  volutes.  On  the  broad,  flat  band 
of  the  frame,  directly  above  the  feet,  are  three  tragic  masks.  Midway  between 
each  two  of  these  is  a  lion's  head,  carrying  a  swinging  handle  in  its  jaws,  while 
six  disks  are  set  between  the  lions'  heads  and  the  masks.  The  fire-bed  is  of 
cement. 

Naples  73009. 


WATER-HEATERS 

Hot  water  was  sometimes  used  at  a  Roman  dinner  for  mixing 
with  wine.  The  utensils  for  meeting  this  and  perhaps  some  other 
requirements  are  portable,  and  are  generally  provided  with  handles 
The  fuel  was  charcoal.  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Antiquities,  s.  vv.  authepsa,  caldarium;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  pp. 
376-7- 

95.     (24187)     Water-heater 

The  globular,  twelve-lobed  vessel  is  supported  on  three  feet,  which  have  the 
form  of  lions'  legs  and  paws,  resting  on  low,  molded  pedestals.  Within  the 
receptacle  for  water  is  a  cylindrical  fire-chamber,  provided  at  the  bottom  with 
a  perforated  pan  for  supporting  the  charcoal.  There  is  a  tall,  fluted,  hinged 
cover,  the  raising  of  which  gave  the  necessary  draft  for  the  fire-chamber.  A 
loose  inner  cover,  shaped  like  a  flat  ring,  fits  over  the  boiler,  but  leaves  the  fire- 
chamber  open.  This  inner  cover  could  be  secured  by  means  of  two  projecting 
pins  attached  to  the  under  surface  and  having  handles  above.  (See  the  draw- 
ing in  the  Museo  Borbonico.)  Water  could  be  poured  in  at  the  top,  or  through 
the  vase-like  attachment  on  one  side.  On  the  side  of  the  vessel  opposite  to 
this  vase  there  was  a  faucet,  now  missing,  and  behind  the  faucet  an  upright  tube 
serving  as  a  vent.  The  handles  are  of  the  volute  type.  Their  fiat  backs  are 
decorated  with  inlaid  laurel  (?)  sprays;  their  margins  with  bead  and  leaf-and- 
dart  patterns.     On  the  upper  surface  of  the  vessel,  outside  the  conical  cover, 


n6      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

are  bead  and  palmette-and-lotus  patterns;    on  the  lip,  bead  and  leaf-and-dart 

patterns.     The  vent  tube  is  masked  by   three   acanthus  leaves.     There  are 

palmettes  where  the  legs  join  the  body. 

Naples  73880.  Mus.  Borb.  Ill,  lxiii;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  240;  Mau-Keisey,  Pompeit, 
Fig.  206. 

96.  (24189)     Water-heater 

This  heater  has  the  form  of  an  amphora  supported  by  a  tripod-ring.  The 
ring  is  ornamented  with  egg-ahd-dart.  The  feet  have  the  form  above  of  sirens 
with  outspread  wings,  and  below  of  lions'  paws  resting  on  low  molded  pedestals. 
The  heater  consists  of  a  boiler  and  within  this  a  fire-chamber  having  a  round 
opening  in  the  side  of  the  amphora  for  the  introduction  of  charcoal  and  the 
escape  of  fumes.  The  boiler  was  filled  and  emptied  from  the  top,  which  is 
covered  with  a  hinged  lid. 

Naples  78673.  Mus.  Borb.  XVI,  Frontispiece;  Guhl  und  Koner,  Leben  der  Griechen  und 
Romer6,  Fig.  917. 

97.  (24185)     Water-heater 

This  heater  resembles  in  form  a  small  cask,  resting  on  a  ring  supported  by 
three  claw  feet.  The  fire-chamber  is  cylindrical,  and  extends  from  bottom  to 
top  of  the  boiler.  The  hinged  lid  covers  only  the  receptacle  for  water,  leaving 
the  fire-chamber  open  above  for  the  necessary  draft.  The  heated  water  was 
drawn  off  through  a  faucet  in  the  form  of  a  human  head,  with  a  handle  terminating 
in  a  dog's  head  and  surmounted  by  a  Cupid  bestriding  a  dolphin.  The  vase- 
like attachment  near  the  top  communicates  with  the  boiler  by  a  small  tube 
serving  as  a  vent;  water  could  also  be  introduced  through  this  tube.  The  heater 
could  be  carried  by  means  of  a  ring  and  three  chains,  each  of  whose  attachments 
represents  a  swan  and,  clasped  by  the  swan's  legs,  a  female  mask  (Venus?). 
Around  the  lip  of  the  vessel  are  a  bead  pattern  and  a  flat  egg  pattern.  The 
cover  was  lifted  by  an  upright  handle  somewhat  resembling  a  vase. 

Naples  1 1 1048. 

98.  (24182)     Water-heater 

This  heater  resembles  the  last  in  all  important  particulars  of  shape  and 
construction,  but  is  smaller.  The  faucet  is  in  the  form  of  a  lion's  head;  the 
handle  is  missing  The  attachments  for  the  chains  are  in  the  form  of  female 
masks.     The  handle  of  the  lid  represents  a  dolphin. 

Naples  73884. 

99.  (24179)     Water-heater 

This  heater  consists  of  a  cylinder,  supported  on  three  claw  feet,  and  a 
removable  vessel  which  fits  into  the  cylinder  above  and  fills  the  upper  half  of  it. 
The  grating  is  missing.  The  handle  for  the  door  is  in  the  form  of  the  head  of  an 
aquatic  bird.  The  cylinder  is  provided  with  a  bail,  whose  ends  rudely  imitate 
birds'  heads.     There  may  have  been  originally  a  loose  cover  for  the  water- vessel. 

Naples  73882.     Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  237. 

100.  (24194)     Large  Water-heater 

Three  claw  feet,  resting  on  high  molded  pedestals  and  passing  above  into 
leaves  and  volutes.  The  heater  consists  of  a  domical  fire-chamber,  and,  around 
and  above  this,  a  receptacle  for  water.  In  the  original  the  two  comic  masks  at 
the  back  are  said  to  have  afforded  the  necessary  draft,  and  the  one  above  the 
door  to  have  communicated  with  the  boiler,  so  as  to  permit  the  drawing  off  of 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  117 

the  heated  water.  The  handle  of  the  door  in  the  form  of  a  he-goat's  head. 
Two  fixed  lateral  handles,  consisting  of  fluted  bars,  bent  upward,  surmounted 
by  rosettes,  and  having  attachments  in  the  form  of  hands.  Above,  on  a  slightly 
projecting  rim,  two  pairs  of  naked  wrestlers,  their  heads  meeting.  On  the 
hinged  lid  a  handle  in  the  form  of  a  small  boy  holding  a  lyre  and  bestriding  a 
dolphin.  Numerous  bands  of  ornament;  on  the  lid,  tongue  pattern  and  a 
pattern  of  loops;  on  the  upper  part  of  the  receptacle,  egg  pattern,  leaf-and- 
flower,  and  egg  pattern  again;  at  the  base  of  the  cylinder,  bead  pattern  and  a 
leaf  pattern;    above  the  door,  a  short  band  of  rosettes. 

Naples  73018.     Guhl  und  Koner,  Leben  der  Griechen  und  Romer6,  Fig.  92s. 

101.  (24307)     Water-heater 

This  heater  is  of  exceptionally  complex  construction.  The  fire  must  have 
been  made  on  the  circular,  concave  plate,  which  forms  an  extension  of  the  rec- 
tangular iron  pan.  Partly  surrounding  the  fire-space  is  a  hollow  jacket,  which 
communicates  with  a  barrel-shaped  receptacle.  This  has  a  hinged  lid.  Water 
was  poured  in  at  the  top  of  the  "barrel"  and  was  drawn  off  by  a  faucet  in  the 
form  of  a  man's  head  attached  to  the  jacket.  Near  the  top  of  the  "  barrel"  is  a 
vent-hole  ( ?)  covered  by  a  comic  mask.  The  three  claw-footed  swans  on  the 
top  of  the  jacket  may  have  served  to  support  a  dish  which  was  to  be  kept  hot. 
The  purpose  of  the  rectangular  pan  is  not  clear.  There  are  four  feet,  which 
have  the  form  of  swans,  passing  below  into  lions'  paws;  these  rest  on  low, 
molded  pedestals.  There  are  five  swinging  handles.  Evidently  the  object 
could  not  have  been  carried  by  one  person.  At  the  top  of  the  lid  is  a  handle  in 
the  form  of  a  male  bust  (Mercury?).  The  attachment  of  the  hinge  to  the  lid 
is  a  female  mask.     On  the  rim  of  the  "barrel"  are  bead  and  egg  patterns. 

Naples  72986.     Stabiae.     Mus.  Borb.  V,  xliv;   Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  239. 

102.  (24193)     Small  Water-heater 

Considerable  parts  of  this  heater  are  missing,  viz.,  the  feet,  the  chains  and 
ring  by  which  it  was  carried  and  most  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  boiler.  The 
heater  is  cylindrical,  with  a  cylindrical  fire-chamber.  Water  was  apparently 
introduced  through  the  larger  hole  above,  which  may  have  been  closed  by  a 
plug,  the  smaller  being  left  open  for  a  vent.  There  may  have  been  a  faucet  for 
drawing  off  the  heated  water. 

Naples  73883. 

103.  (  4  qo)     Small  Water-heater  (?) 

This  object  consists  of  a  small  cylinder,  supported  on  three  claw  feet  and  a 
removable  vessel  which  almost  fills  the  cylinder.  There  is  no  grating  or  other 
contrivance  for  securing  a  draft.  The  door  is  missing.  There  is  a  bail,  whose 
ends  remotely  suggest  birds'  heads,  and  whose  attachments  are  in  the  form  of 
human  masks. 

Naples  73881. 

104.  (24285)     Water-heater  and  Brazier 

This  has  the  form  of  a  square,  battlemented  fortress,  with  a  tower  at  each 
corner.  Each  tower  is  covered  by  a  hinged  lid,  on  raising  which  water  could  be 
poured  into  the  hollow  frame.  There  is  a  faucet  on  one  side  for  drawing  off 
the  heated  water.  There  are  four  swinging  handles,  two  on  each  of  two  opposite 
sides.     The  fire-pan  is  of  iron. 

Naples  72983.     Mus.  Borb.  II.  xlvi,  i;   Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  Fig.  208. 


n8      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

COOKING-STOVE 

The  Pompeian  kitchen  had  regularly  a  hearth  of  masonry,  on 
which  the  cooking  was  done.  (Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii,  pp.  266-7). 
However,  the  present  object  is  evidence  that  small,  portable  hearths 
or  open  stoves  were  also  in  use  for  the  same  purpose.  The  fuel 
used  was  charcoal. 

105.  (26145)     Cooking-stove 

Low,  iron  frame  supporting  a  hearth  of  cement.     Four  movable  cross-bars 
for  broiling.     At  one  end  two  round  frames  to  hold  cooking  vessels. 
Naples  121321. 

PAILS 

Of  the  pails  here  represented  some,  as  No.  106,  may  have  been 
intended  for  ornament  rather  than  use.  When  the  single  bail  is  pro- 
vided with  a  ring  for  a  cord  or  chain,  the  pail  may  have  been  used 
for  dipping  water  from  a  cistern  or  for  heating  water  over  a  fire. 

106.  (24278)     Pail 

Several  bands  of  ornament  in  relief,  with  some  silver  incrustation,  around 
the  upper  part  of  the  vessel.  The  broadest  band  consists  of  scrolls  of  con- 
ventionalized leaves,  interrupted  by  a  long-necked  bird,  a  griffin  devouring  a 
bullock,  the  long-necked  bird  again,  and  a  grazing  stag.  Above  this  band  a 
guilloche  between  two  borders,  each  consisting  of  a  bead  pattern  between  two 
rope  patterns  obliquely  grooved  in  opposite  directions.  Below  the  band  of 
scrolls  an  egg  pattern  between  two  bead  patterns.  The  projection  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  vessel  is  encircled  by  a  guilloche.  The  three  feet  have  the  form  of 
lion-headed  griffins  passing  below  into  lions'  paws,  the  transition  being  masked 
by  leaves;  under  the  paws  are  low,  round  pedestals.  Two  bails,  each  orna- 
mented with  a  guilloche.  The  attachments  of  the  bails  are  ornamented  with 
rosettes,  between  each  pair  of  which  is  a  mask  of  Bacchus  ( ?).  On  the  inner  side 
of  each  bail  is  an  incised  inscription,  signifying  that  the  vessel  was  the  property 
of  Cornelia  Chelido. 

Naples  68854.     Mus.  Borb.  Ill,  xiv;    Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  247.     On  the  authority  of  De 
Petra  the  inscriptions  are  given  in  C.I.L.,  X,  8071,  38  in  the  form:   CORNELAS  •  CHELDON1   . 
The  owner  was  apparently  a  Greek  woman,  since  Chelido  is  a  Greek  name  (ytXldcav,  a  swallow). 

107.  (24272)     Pail 

Around  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  several  bands  of  ornament  in  relief. 
The  broadest  band  consists  of  scrolls  of  conventionalized  leaves  and  flowers 
separated  by  animals,  viz.,  two  pairs  of  bulls  drinking  from  basins  and  two 
leaping  stags.  Above  this  band  is  a  guilloche  between  two  triple  borders,  like 
those  of  No.  106,  and  above  this  group  an  egg  pattern  followed  by  a  bead  pattern. 
Below  the  band  of  scrolls  is  another  triple  border,  as  above,  followed  by  a  leaf 
pattern,  a  bead  pattern  and  three  plain  bands.  There  are  two  bails,  each 
ornamented  with  a  guilloche.  The  attachments  of  the"  bails  are  ornamented 
with  rosettes,  between  which  are  upstanding  palmettes.  Three  projections 
from  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  serve  as  feet. 

Naples  68866.     Mus.  Borb.  XI,  xliv. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  119 

108.  (24264)     Pail 

Around  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  several  bands  of  ornament  in  relief. 
The  broadest  band  consists  of  zig-zag  pattern  and  rosettes.  Above  this  is  a 
guilloche  between  two  triple  borders  like  those  of  No.  106.  Below  the  broad 
band  is  another  triple  border  as  above.  The  bails  and  their  attachments  with 
the  upstanding  palmettes,  closely  resemble  those  of  No.  107.  There  are  three 
plain  feet. 

Naples  111751. 

109.  (24271)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  The  single  bail  ends  in  heads  of  aquatic 
birds.  The  attachments  take  the  form  of  a  female  head,  flanked  by  stags' 
heads.     There  are  three  plain  feet. 

Naples  68861.     Mus.  Borb.  IV,  xn,  4- 

110.  (24275)     Pail 

On  the  rim  a  bead  ornament  and  a  guilloche.     The  attachments  of  the  single 
bail  are  three-pointed  below,  and  are  ornamented  with  guilloches  and  leaves. 
Naples  68857. 

111.  (24269)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  There  is  a  single  bail,  whose  attachments 
end  in  snakes'  heads.  The  three  claw  feet  take  the  form  above  of  monsters, 
horned  and  winged,  but  otherwise  human. 

Naples  68867. 

112.  (24273)     Pail 

Except  for  the  molded  foot  the  vessel  is  without  ornament.  The  single 
bail  has  a  suspension  ring  flanked  by  heads  of  aquatic  birds,  and  ends  in  similar 
heads.     The  attachments  end  below  in  palmettes. 

Naples  68873.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xxxi,  3. 

113.  (24014)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  The  single  bail  has  a  suspension  ring 
and  ends  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds.  The  attachments  are  in  the  form  of  female 
masks,  flanked  by  deer's  heads. 

Naples  68860. 

114.  (24276)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament.     The  single  bail  has  a  suspension  ring  and 
ends  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds. 
Naples  68856. 

115.  (24274)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament  except  two  grooves  on  the  rim.  The  single 
bail  has  a  suspension  ring  and  ends  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds.  Attachments 
three-pointed  below. 

Naples  68855. 

CRATERS   OR   MIXING   VESSELS 

As  the  Romans,  like  the  Greeks,  were  in  the  habit  of  mixing  water 
with  their  wine  before  serving,  wide-mouthed  vessels  were  required 
in  which  the  mixture  could  be  made.     Such  vessels  were  called  craters 


120      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

(xpar^peq,  craterae).  The  Greek  metal  crater  often  had  a  separate 
stand,  which  in  Roman  specimens  is  often  united  into  one  piece  with 
the  vessel,  so  that  the  distinction  of  crater  and  stand  is  only  theoretical. 
Two  of  the  forms  here  represented  are  of  Greek  origin;  viz.,  the 
"crater  with  volute  handles"  {British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Vases, 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  15,  fig.  11)  and  the  "calyx  crater"  (ib.  p.  14,  fig.  9).  See 
Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  s.  v.  crater. 

115a.     (24268)     Pail 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  The  single  bail  has  a  suspension  ring  and 
ends  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds.  Attachments  in  the  form  of  a  palmette  bearing 
a  female  mask  and  flanked  by  animals'  heads. 

Naples  68859. 

116.  (24086)  Volute-handled  Crater  and  Stand 

The  circular  plate  which  forms  the  top  of  the  stand  is  ornamented  on  its 
convex  edge  with  godroons.  The  vase  itself  is  without  ornament.  The  lower 
attachments  of  the  volute  handles  end  in  heads  of  aquatic  birds. 

Naples  73143- 

117.  (24040)  Calyx  Crater  and  Stand 

Around  the  lip  bead  and  egg  patterns.  Below  these,  on  the  Lesbian  cyma, 
a  pattern  of  leaves  and  lotuses  —  a  modification  of  the  Greek  leaf-and-dart. 
The  lower  part  of  the  vessel  is  godrooned.  Above  this  is  a  modification  of  the 
Greek  palmette-and-lotus  pattern,  the  palmette  being  replaced  by  a  nondescript 
flower.  Each  of  the  two  handles  is  ornamented  with  a  simple  scroll  of  leaves 
and  flowers,  and  has  at  each  attachment  a  pair  of  leaves  and  a  bearded  mask 
(Silenus  ?).  On  the  foot  a  modification  of  the  leaf-and-dart  similar  to  that  above. 
The  uppermost  member  of  the  stand  is  edged  with  a  floral  scroll.  Farther 
down  another  and  different  variation  of  the  leaf-and-dart,  flutings,  and  modi- 
fied leaf-and-dart  again.  Square  base  with  four  feet,  each  having  the  form 
above  of  a  winged  Silenus  and  passing  below  into  a  lion's  paw. 

Naples  73103.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  II,  xxxn;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  248;  Mau-Kelsey, 
Pompeii,  Fig.  205.  Probably  intended  for  ornament  rather  than  use.  The  original  has  some  silver 
inlay  in  the  ornaments. 

118.  (24064)  Calyx  Crater  and  Stand 

Both  crater  and  stand  are  without  ornamental  patterns.  The  attachments 
of  the  handles  bear  winged,  female  heads,  probably  representing  Medusa,  with 
knotted  snakes  ( ?)  below  the  neck.  The  base  is  square.  The  claw  feet,  resting 
on  molded  pedestals,  are  attached  to  the  base  by  sphinxes,  each  split  in  two  to 
fit  the  corner. 

Naples  73099. 

119.  (24065)  Calyx  Crater  and  Stand 

The  lip  of  the  vessel  has  bead  and  egg  patterns.  The  lower  part  is  godrooned. 
The  attachments  of  the  fluted  handles  bear  masks  of  Silenus.  The  stand  con- 
sists of  a  square  base  without  the  additional  member  present  in  the  previous 
examples.     The  attachments  of  the  claw  feet  have  palmette  ornaments. 

Naples  73098. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  121 

120.  (24042)     Calyx  Crater  and  Stand 

Neither  vessel  nor  stand  is  ornamented.     The  attachments  of  the  handles 
bear  masks  of  Medusa.     The  square  base  has  claw  feet. 
Naples  73104. 

121.  (24041)  Calyx  Crater  and  Stand 

The  traditional  Greek  calyx  crater  is  here  modified  as  regards  the  form  of 
the  handles.  These  are  meaninglessly  coiled,  and  are  attached  to  the  lip  as 
as  well  as  to  the  lower  part  of  the  vessel.  At  the  upper  attachments  are  groups 
of  three  acanthus  leaves.  The  lower  attachments  bear  ornaments  of  leaves. 
Between  the  attachments  on  each  side  is  a  mask  of  a  marine  goddess.  The 
plain  stand  has  a  square  base  with  claw  feet. 

Naples  109697.  Guhl  and  Koner,  Leben  der  Griechen  und  Romer6,  Fig.  918.  A  crater  from 
Bosco  Reale,  now  in  Berlin  (Jahrb.  des  arch.  Instituts,  Anzeiger,  1900,  p.  182,  Fig.  8)  closely  resembles 
the  present  one  except  as  regards  the  handles,  which  in  the  former  specimen  have  the  traditional 
form.  For  the  mask  of  a  marine  goddess,  by  some  called  a  marine  Medusa,  see  Engelmann, 
Archdologische  Zeitung,    1884,  p.  27;   Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue  of  Bronzes,  No.  974. 

122.  (24066)     Crater  and  Stand 

The  bowl  has  an  approximately  semi-elliptical  profile.  Around  it,  near 
the  top,  run  several  bands  of  ornament,  The  broadest  band  consists  of  a  series 
of  lozenges  and  oval  figures,  each  oval  bearing  an  identical  pattern.  Above  and 
below  this  band  come  bead  pattern  and  a  guilloche.  The  two  handles  are 
placed  near  the  top  of  the  vessel.  Each  consists  of  two  statuettes  of  barbarians, 
probably  Germans,  in  combat.  They  have  long  hair  and  beards,  are  naked 
to  the  waist,  wear  tight-fitting  trousers,  and  are  barefoot.  Around  the  neck 
they  wear  a  collar  or  necklace.  Their  weapons  are  short  swords  or  daggers, 
which  they  are  apparently  in  the  act  of  drawing  from  the  scabbards.  On 
their  extended  left  arms  are  long,  narrow  shields.  The  two  combatants  stand 
on  a  ledge  whose  attachment  is  ornamented  on  its  face  with  two  shields,  similar 
to  those  above,  and  with  two  crossed  spears,  and  ends  below  in  an  ox-skull. 
On  the  foot  of  the  crater  and  again  on  the  stand  are  ornaments  of  lozenges  and 
ovals  similar  to  the  one  above.  The  lowest  member  of  the  stand  is  circular. 
The  three  claw  feet  rest  on  molded  pedestals. 

Naples  73146.  Mus.  Borb.  VIII,  xv,  1.  One  of  the  handles  in  Reinach,  Repertoire  de  la 
statuaire,  II,  p.  198,  6. 

The  three  following  wide-mouthed  vessels  may  possibly  have 
served  as  craters. 

123.  (24267)     Vessel  without  Handles 

Encircling  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  are  a  guilloche  and  a  modification 
of  the  Greek  leaf-and-dart,  both  edged  with  fine  bead  patterns.  These  bands 
are  interrupted,  on  opposite  sides,  by  elaborate  patterns,  each  consisting  of 
twisted  stems,  leaves  and  flowers,  and  a  palmette.     Three  plain  feet. 

Naples  73 1 1 7.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xxxi,  5. 

124.  (24270)     Vessel  without  Handles 

Around  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  are  several  bands  of  ornament  closely 
resembling  those  of  No.  108. 

Naples  73 1 1 6.     Mus.  Borb.  I,  xxxvn,  3. 


122       Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  —  Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

125.  (24265)     Vessel  without  Handles 

Around  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  are  several  bands  of  ornament  closely 
resembling  those  of  Nos.  108  and  124,  the  chief  difference  being  in  the  guilloche. 
Naples  109699. 

AMPHORAS 

An  amphora  is  a  jar  with  two  vertical  handles  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  neck.  Such  jars  were  commonly  used  for  the  storage  of  wine 
and  other  products.  The  three  large  amphoras,  Nos.  126-128,  are  of 
the  same  type,  having  each  an  extra  pair  of  vertical  handles  attached 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  body.  Nos.  129-134,  tall  and  slender  and 
without  ornament  except  on  the  handles,  are  of  a  type  represented 
by  numerous  specimens  in  Naples  and  elsewhere.  Nos.  135-137  are 
less  slender.     138-140  have  globular  bodies  and  wide  mouths. 

126.  (24085)     Four-handled  Amphora 

No  ornament  on  the  vessel  except  two  raised  bands  near  the  top.  Below 
the  lower  attachment  of  one  of  the  upper  handles  is  a  mask  of  a  female  satyr, 
crowned  with  ivy  leaves  and  berries.  The  corresponding  mask  is  missing 
from  the  other  side. 

Naples  73113.     Mus.  Borb.  VII,  xxxi,  1,  4,  5. 

127.  (24102)     Four-handled  Amphora 

In  size,  shape,  and  handles  this  vessel  resembles  the  preceding.  Below  the 
lower  attachment  of  each  of  the  upper  handles  is  a  mask  of  a  female  satyr, 
crowned  with  leaves,  fruits,  and  flowers  of  the  grape(?). 

Naples  73112. 

128.  (24022)     Four-handled  Amphora 

On  the  Lesbian  cyma  of  the  foot  is  a  leaf-and-flower  pattern.  Each  of  the 
upper  handles  has  on  the  back  a  spray  of  laurel  leaves  and  berries;  the  upper 
attachment  ends  in  two  goats'  heads,  the  lower  in  a  bust  of  Apollo,  with  a 
swan  below.     The  lower  handles  terminate  above  and  below  in  birds'  heads. 

Naples  73145.     For  the  upper  handles  cf  No.  186. 

129.  (24207)     Amphora 

The  back  of  each  handle  is  divided  by  a  vertical  groove  and  decorated 
with  leaf  ornaments.  The  lower  attachment  represents  a  mask  of  Pan  or  a 
bearded  satyr  with  pointed  ears  and  long  horns. 

Naples  69632.  A  closely  similar'amphora  (Naples  69630)  in  Mus.  Borb.  V,  xxvm,  3 ;  Schreiber 
Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  128. 

130.  (24208)     Amphora 

Each  handle  is  fluted  vertically  and  has  leaf  ornaments  above  and  below. 
The  lower  attachment  has  small  volutes  above  and  a  small  palmette  below; 
between  these  a  stork(?)  with  a  snake  in  its  bill,  the  bird  being  shown  from 
beneath  and  somewhat  distorted  to  adapt  it  to  its  purpose. 

Naples  69629. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  123 

131.  (24195)     Amphora 

Each  handle  ends  below  in  the  forepart  of  a  dog-like  marine  monster,  devour- 
ing what  may  be  intended  for  a  frog.  The  idea  of  a  marine  monster  is  still 
further  carried  out  on  the  back  of  the  handle,  and  the  upper  termination  takes 
the  form  of  a  fishy  tail. 

Naples  69628  (?). 

132.  (24209)     Amphora 

The  lower  attachment  of  each  handle  is  leaf-shaped  and  bears  a  relief 
resembling  those  of  No.  131;  but  the  simple  ornamentation  of  the  rest  of  the 
handle  has  no  marine  suggestions. 

Naples  69627  (?).     Mus.  Borb.  VII,  xxxi,  2,  6. 

133.  (24211)     Amphora 

The  rounded  handles  have  a  little  vegetable  ornament  just  above  the  leaf- 
shaped  lower  attachments. 
Naples  69622. 

134.  (24210)     Amphora 

The  rounded  handles  are  without  ornament. 
Naples  69626. 

135.  (24200)     Amphora 

On  the  lip  egg  pattern.  Each  handle  transversely  banded  above  and  below. 
Volutes  effect  the  transition  to  the  circular  lower  attachment,  which  bears  a 
relief  of  a  naked  boy  playing  with  a  dog. 

Naples  69635  (?). 

136.  (24204)     Amphora 

The  flat  back  of  each  handle  bears  a  herring-bone  pattern.     The  lower 
attachment  is  in  the  form  of  a  comic  mask  between  small  volutes. 
Naples  69636. 

137.  (24203)     Amphora 

The  vase  has  three  broad,  low  feet.     The  handles  have  simple  leaf  orna- 
ments and  end  in  palmettes  below. 
Naples  69634  (?). 

138.  (24083)     Amphora 

Each  handle  is  decorated  in  relief  with  a  satyr's  head,  Pan's  pipes,  a  horn, 
a  herdsman's  staff  (lagobolon),  a  cylindrical  box  (cista),  and  upon  its  lower 
attachment  with  a  sphinx,  pressing  her  left  paw  against  her  forehead. 

Naples  69468.     One  of  a  pair.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  122. 

139.  (24074)     Amphora 

Each  handle  is  decorated  with  a  female  face  in  profile  and  a  low,  cylindrical 
box  (cista).  On  the  lower  attachment  is  a  bust  of  Cybele,  wearing  a  crown  of 
towers  and  holding  in  her  right  hand  a  horn  of  plenty  and  in  her  left  a 
tambourine. 

Naples  69471.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  123. 

140.  (24206)     Amphora 

Each  handle  is  decorated  with  a  spray  of  leaves  and  upon  its  lower  attach- 
ment with  an  ivy-crowned  female  bust  (masnad?),  wearing  an  animal's  skin 
fastened  on  her  right  shoulder. 

Naples  109705.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  124. 


124      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

141.  (24100)     Amphora 

No  ornament  on  the  vessel,  except  four  incised  lines  encircling  it  near  the 
top.  The  handles,  attached  to  shoulder  and  neck,  are  twisted  in  imitation  of 
ropes.     Their  lower  attachments  are  in  the  form  of  bearded  masks. 

Naples  731 1 1. 

142.  (24059)     Small  Amphora 

The  vase  is  encircled  by  a  guilloche,  with  silver  globules.  On  the  lower 
attachment  of  each  handle  is  a  running  Cupid  holding  some  indistinct  object 
(cornucopia?).  The  notched  ends  of  a  broad  ribbon  are  seen  before  and 
behind  him. 

Naples  69644. 

143.  (24043)     Small  Pear-shaped  Amphora 
Both  vessel  and  handles  are  without  ornament. 
Naples.  1 1 1502. 

EWERS 
The  following  vessels,  each  with  a  round  mouth  and  a  single 
upright  handle,  were  probably  used  for  holding  and  pouring  water. 
Nos.  144 — 149  are  of  substantially  the  same  shape;  their  handles  also 
are  of  the  same  general  form,  are  attached  at  the  rim  with  bird's- 
head  attachments,  and  have  each  a  thumb-rest  and  a  transverse 
band.     Nos.  150-158  are  of  varying  shapes. 

144.  (24201)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle  a  scroll  of  leaves  and  flowers  with  edging  of 
bead  pattern.  The  transverse  band,  apparently  of  copper,  consists  of  two 
rows  of  small  leaves  set  base  to  base,  with  an  astragal  between  them.  Thumb- 
rest  in  the  form  of  a  recurved  leaf.  The  lower  attachment  bears  a  mask  of  a 
marine  goddess,  with  a  notched  growth  on  her  cheeks,  sea-monsters  in  her 
hair,  and  similar  monsters  under  her  chin. 

Naples  69493.  One  of  a  pair.  Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  77,  calls  the  mask 
that  of  Triton.     In  the  reproduction  it  appears  to  be  female.     For  this  see  note  to  No.  iai. 

145.  (24197)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle  is  a  spray  of  leaves  and  flowers.  Thumb-rest  in 
the  form  of  a  frog.  The  ends  of  the  upper  attachment  of  the  handle  have  only 
a  rude  resemblance  to  birds'  heads.  On  the  lower  attachment  is  a  mask  of  a 
marine  goddess,  with  sea-monsters  in  her  hair. 

Naples  69491.  Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  74.  For  the  marine  goddess  see  note 
to  No.  iai. 

146.  (24205)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle  leaf  ornaments.  Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of 
a  frog. 

Naples  69531  (?). 

147.  (24199)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle  a  leaf  ornament.     Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of  a 
recurved  leaf.     The  lower  attachment  has  a  female  bust. 
Naples  69490.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  90. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  125 

148.  (24202)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle  a  festoon,  a  satyr's  head  to  left  and  below  it 
another  head  to  right.  Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of  a  thumb.  On  the  lower 
attachment  a  draped,  youthful  bust  between  volutes,  with  palmette  below. 

Naples  69494.     One  of  a  pair.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreuiik,  No.  91. 

149.  (24198)     Ewer 

On  the  back  of  the  handle,  between  edgings  of  bead  pattern,  a  festoon,  a 
female  head  to  left,  a  basket  of  fruit,  and  a  satyr's  head  to  right,  with  Pan's 
pipes  behind  him.  Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of  a  head  in  a  Phrygian  cap.  The 
lower  attachment  bears  a  bust  of  the  young  Hercules  wearing  a  wreath  on  his 
head  and  a  lion's  skin  on  his  body,  two  of  the  paws  being  tied  over  his  right 
shoulder.     Below  is  a  palmette. 

Naples  109701.     One  of  a  pair.     Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik.  No.  86. 

150.  (24051)     Ewer 

Upper  attachments  of  the  handle  in  the  form  of  birds'  heads.     Thumb- 
rest  in  the  form  of  a  thumb.     On  the  lower  attachment,  above  a  palmette 
ornament,  a  mask  of  a  female  satyr,  with  short  horns. 
Naples  69412  (?). 

151.  (24053)     Ewer 

Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of  a  palmette.  On  the  back  of  the  handle  various 
objects,  which  seem  to  be  partly  inlaid  in  copper:  a  garland,  a  basket  of  fruit(  ?), 
an  altar  (?),  and  a  herdsman's  staff  (lagobolon).  The  lower  attachment  repre- 
sents the  mask  of  a  female  satyr,  ivy-crowned,  with  a  small  palmette  below. 

Naples  69452.     Stabiffi. 

152.  (24004)     Ewer 

Thumb-rest  in  the  form  of  a  thumb.  On  the  back  of  the  handle  leaves, 
transverse  bands,  and  a  spray  of  leaves  with  edgings  of  bead  pattern.  On  the 
lower  attachment  a  satyresque  mask. 

Naples  73449-     Mus.  Borb.  I,  xxxvi,  4;   Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  119. 

153.  (24021)     Ewer 

Low  thumb-rest.  Upper  attachments  of  handle  in  the  form  of  birds' 
heads.  The  lower  attachment,  in  the  form  of  a  large  corrugated  leaf,  bears  a 
satyresque  mask.  The  vessel  rests  on  three  low  feet,  whose  attachments  are 
in  the  form  of  palmettes. 

Naples  69413.     Mus.  Borb.  V,  xxvm,  1  and  a;   Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  140. 

154.  (24057)     Ewer 

On  the  lip  of  the  pear-shaped  vessel  an  egg  pattern.  The  flat  handle  is 
ornamented  on  the  back  with  palmettes  and  lotuses;  the  upper  attachment, 
which  is  placed  on  the  neck  of  the  vessel,  ends  in  birds'  heads;  the  lower  attach- 
ment has  the  form  of  a  female  mask,  slightly  satyresque  in  appearance,  with- 
volutes  at  the  sides  and  a  small  palmette  below.  At  the  top  of  the  handle  is  a 
rest  in  the  form  of  a  thumb. 

Naples  6941 1. 

155.  (24055)     Ewer 

The  handle  of  the  pear-shaped  vessel  has  the  form  of  a  standing  female 
figure  of  archaistic  style,  holding  in  her  left  hand  a  small  pail  and  in  her  up- 


126      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

raised  right  hand  an  end  of  the  drapery  which  is  drawn  over  her  head;  the 
upper  attachment  is  as  in  the  last  preceding  number;  the  lower  has  the  form 
of  a  satyresque  female  face,  with  ivy  berries  in  her  hair,  loose  cloths  ( ?)  hanging 
at  the  sides,  and  a  palmette  below.  The  head  of  the  figure  serves  as  a  thumb- 
rest. 

Naples  109704. 

156.  (24045)     Ewer 

The  vessel  is  pear-shaped.  The  flat  handle  is  undecorated;  its  upper 
attachment  is  as  in  the  two  preceding  numbers;  the  lower  is  in  the  form  of  a 
satyresque  face. 

Naples  69408. 

157.  (24020)     Ewer 

Large,  pear-shaped  vessel  resting  on  three  low,  broad  feet,  each  having, 
within  a  framework  formed  by  a  bead  pattern  above  and  a  scroll  at  right  and  left, 
a  crouching  sphinx  in  low  open-work  relief.  On  the  lip  of  the  vessel  bead, 
cord,  and  egg-and-dart  patterns.  Handle  in  the  form  of  a  hermaphrodite, 
resting  his  right  hand  on  his  head  and  holding  up  his  drapery  with  his  left 
hand.  He  has  a  chain  about  his  neck  and  shoes  on  his  feet.  Wings,  which 
do  not  ordinarily  belong  to  a  hermaphrodite  in  Greek  and  Roman  art,  are 
added  to  serve  as  attachments  for  the  handle.  Under  the  hermaphrodite's 
feet  is  a  pedestal  and  below  that  the  lower  attachment,  representing  a  bust  of 
Cupid  clasping  a  duck  to  his  breast.  At  the  back  of  the  hermaphrodite,  between 
his  wings,  is  a  female  bust  on  a  smaller  scale,  facing  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Naples  73115.     Mus.  Borb.  VIII,  xv,  2. 

158.  (24061)     Ewer 

The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle  ends  in  birds'  heads.  The  lower 
attachment  is  in  the  form  of  a  large  disk  with  a  projection  below,  representing 
in  part  two  birds'  heads  and  necks.  On  the  disk  is  a  relief  representing  the 
god  Bacchus,  holding  in  his  right  hand  a  drinking-cup  (cantharus)  upside  down 
above  a  leaping  panther  and  resting  his  left  arm  about  the  neck  of  a  satyr,  who 
carries  a  thyrsus.  At  the  top  of  the  handle  is  a  projection,  modeled  as  a  finger 
and  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  mouth  of  the  vessel. 

Naples  69430.  Mus.  Borb.  VII,  xm,  2.  An  example  of  this  not  very  common  type  of  vessel 
from  Bosco  Reale  is  in  this  museum;  another,  also  from  Bosco  Reale,  is  in  Berlin:  Jahrbuch  des 
archaologischen  Inslituts,  Anzeiger,  1900,  p.  189. 

SMALL    PITCHERS   AND   THE    LIKE 

These  small  one-handled  vessels  were  probably  used  for  various 
purposes  in  the  kitchen  and  the  dining-room.  Some  may  have  been 
for  wine,  others  for  water,  others  for  oil.  Thus,  the  small  necks  and 
narrow,  trough-like  spouts  of  Nos.  168-174  suggest  that  they  were 
intended  to  hold  oil  (Overbeck,  Pompeii,  p.  446).  For  the  sake  of 
distinction  Nos.  175-180,  characterized  by  round  mouths,  are  called 
"jugs"  in  this  catalogue.  Nos.  181-185,  here  called  "pouch-shaped 
pitchers,"  have  a  form  suggested  by  that  of  a  skin  bottle.  On  these 
see  Pernice,  Jahrb.  des  arch.  Instituts,  Anzeiger,  1900,  p.  185. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  127 

159.  (24013)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

On  the  lip,  bead  and  egg  pattern;    on  the  shoulder,  horizontal  rings.     The 
ribbed  handle  has  a  lion's  head  above  and  a  female  mask  between  volutes  below. 
Naples  69019. 

160.  (24070)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

This  pitcher  is  an  almost  exact  duplicate  of  the  preceding,  except  that  the 
lip  is  without  ornament. 
Naples  110582. 

161.  (24002)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

The  vessel  without  ornament.     The  ribbed  handle  ends  in  a  blunt  thumb- 
rest  above  and  in  a  palmette  below. 
Naples  69039. 

162.  (24018)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

The  vessel  is  closely  similar  to  the  last.  The  handle  is  also  similar,  but 
with  somewhat  different  attachments  above  and  a  mask  of  Silenus  in  place  of  a 
palmette  below. 

Naples  69040.     Mus.  Borb.  XIII,  xliii,  3. 

163.  (24080)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle  ends 
in  paws,  while  the  lower  bears  a  mask,  perhaps  intended  for  a  female  satyr.  At 
the  top  of  the  handle  is  a  child's  head  in  high  relief;  further  down  a  double  band 
and  a  spray  of  leaves. 

Naples  69056  (?). 

164.  (24019)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

The  vessel  without  ornament.  The  high  handle  has  near  the  top  a  bird's 
head,  projecting  downwards,  and  above  this  a  recurved  thumb-rest;  on  the 
flat  part  are  bead  ornaments,  and  on  the  lower  attachment  an  acanthus  leaf 
between  small  volutes. 

Naples  69044. 

165.  (24011)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

No  ornament  on  the  vessel.  The  thumb-rest  and  upper  attachments  of  the 
handle  appear  to  be  suggested  by  the  forepart  of  a  frog,  emerging  from  between 
two  leaves.     On  the  back  of  the  "frog"  a  conventionalized  flower. 

Naples  69043. 

166.  (24003)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

Around  the  body  of  the  vessel,  just  below  the  shoulder,  is  an  incised  ivy 
wreath.  The  handle,  roundish  in  section  and  fluted,  is  ornamented  with  an 
inlaid  herring-bone  pattern;  The  handle  ends  above  in  a  female  head  and 
below  in  a  Silenus  head  between  volutes. 

Inv.  69048. 

167.  (24071)     Pitcher  with  Trefoil  Mouth 

The  vessel  without  ornament.     The  handle  has  a  leaf-shaped  thumb-rest 
above  and  a  female  mask  below. 
Naples  69041. 


128      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  —  Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

168.  (24012)     Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

Semi-ellipsoidal  body;  tall  neck.  Upper  attachment  in  the  form  of  the 
forepart  of  a  hippocamp,  whose  fish-like  body  and  tail  are  continued  in  low 
relief  on  the  back  of  the  handle.  The  lower  attachment  has  a  mask  of  Medusa, 
with  wings  in  her  hair  and  serpents  knotted  under  her  chin. 

Naples  69081. 

169.  (24006)     Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

Semi-ellipsoidal  body;  tall  neck  Upper  attachment  of  handle  in  the 
form  of  the  forepart  of  a  hippocamp,  whose  fish-like  body  and  tail  are  continued, 
though  only  after  an  interval,  in  low  relief  on  the  back  of  the  handle.  The  lower 
attachment  has  a  mask  of  a  marine  goddess,  with  heads  of  dolphins  in  her  hair; 
below  her  chin  is  a  palmette. 

Naples  69082.     For  the  marine  goddess,  see  note  to  No.  121. 

170.  (24005)     Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

Semi-ellipsoidal  body;  tall  neck.  Upper  attachment  of  handle  in  the 
form  of  the  forepart  of  a  lion.  On  the  back  of  the  handle  a  scroll  of  leaves. 
Lower  attachment  in  the  form  of  a  female  mask. 

Naples  69077.     Mus.  Borb.  X,  xxxn,  1. 

171.  (24078)     Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

The  handle  has  the  form  of  a  nude  young  satyr  resting  his  fists  on  the  semi- 
circular upper  attachment.  The  lower  attachment  shows  a  female  mask  on  a 
palmette. 

Naples  69142. 

172.  (24068)     Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

The  middle  part  of  the  handle  takes  the  form  of  the  head  and  body  of  a 
satyr  holding  a  hare,  the  satyr's  head  serving  as  a  thumb-rest.  The  lower 
attachment  shows  a  satyresque  mask  with  long  hair  and  pointed  ears,  and 
with  the  face  and  paws  of  a  panther's  ( ?)  skin  below. 

Naples  691 41. 

173.  (24049)     Large  Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

Globular  body.  The  handle  takes  the  form  of  a  nude,  ivy-crowned  Silenus, 
holding  a  drinking  cup  in  his  right  hand  and  a  wine-skin  over  his  left  shoulder. 
The  circular  lower  attachment  has  some  indistinct  objects  in  relief. 

Naples  (?). 

174.  (24063)     Small  Pitcher  with  Simple  Spout 

Plain  vessel.  The  handle  has  a  leaf-shaped  thumb-rest  above  and  a  pal- 
mette below. 

Naples  691 1 7  (?). 

175.  (24089)     Jug 

The  body  is  covered  with  a  diaper  pattern  having  rosettes  and  other  similar 
ornaments  in  intaglio.  On  the  neck,  floral  sprays  in  relief.  The  coarsely  exe- 
cuted handle  has  bead  patterns,  a  recurved  thumb-rest  above  and  a  thumb-nail ( ?) 
below;  the  upper  attachment  has  palmette  and  floral  patterns,  while  the  lower 
attachment  is  in  palmette  form. 

Naples  11829s. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  129 

176.  (24079)     Jug 

The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle  in  the  form  of  two  birds'  heads.  Be- 
tween these' a  diademed  female  head,  serving  as  a  thumb-rest.  On  the  back 
of  the  handle  a  spray  of  leaves,  flowers  and  fruit.  On  the  lower  attachment 
the  mask  of  an  ivy-crowned  female  satyr. 

Naples  69317.     Mus.  Borb,  XIII,  xliii,  a. 

177.  (24069)     Jug 

Recurved  thumb-rest.  Lower  attachment  of  handle  in  the  form  of  a  comic 
mask. 

Naples  69307. 

178.  (24017)     Jug 

A  cover,  attached  by  a  chain  to  the  handle,  fits  just  inside  the  circular  rim 
of  the  vessel.  The  handle  has  a  recurved,  leaf-like  thumb-rest  above,  and  a 
palmette  below. 

Naples  69322. 

179.  (24077)     Jug 

Expansive  body  and  small  neck.  The  spool-shaped  contrivance  on  the 
handle,  just  above  the  lip  of  the  vessel,  was  probably  the  hinge  of  a  cover,  now 
missing.     Thumb-rest  at  the  highest  part  of  the  handle. 

Naples  68936  (?). 

180.  (24015)     Jug 

The  vessel  is  ornamented  with  incised  horizontal  rings,  arranged  in  pairs. 
Attached  by  a  chain  to  the  handle  is  a  cover,  which  fits  over  the  circular  mouth 
of  the  vessel.  The  flat,  ribbed  handle  bends  at  an  acute  angle  at  the  top  and  has 
two  arm-like  projections  attached  to  the  neck  of  the  vessel  and  a  three-pointed 
lower  attachment.     At  the  top  of  the  handle  is  a  human  head. 

Naples  68937. 

181.  (24048)     Pouch-shaped  Pitcher 

On  the  lip  are  bead  and  egg  patterns.  The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle 
takes  the  form  of  a  figure  of  Scylla,  ending  in  acanthus  leaves  below  the  waist 
and  with  dogs  springing  from  her  sides.  On  the  curved  back  of  the  handle  is 
a  long  leaf.  The  lower  attachment  is  in  the  form  of  a  mask  (maenad?),  ivy- 
crowned,  with  volutes  at  the  sides  and  a  palmette  below. 

Naples  691 71. 

182.  (24056)     Pouch-shaped  Pitcher 

On  the  lip,  bead  and  egg  patterns;  on  the  body,  a  guilloche,  connecting 
with  the  two  ridges  which  run  downward  from  the  handle.  On  the  highest 
part  of  the  handle  is  a  parrot,  serving  as  a  thumb-rest.  Lower  down  are  two 
projections  in  the  form  of  bent  strips  of  metal.  The  lower  attachment  has 
a  relief  representing  Cupid  riding  on  a  dolphin. 

Naples  69168. 

183.  (24054)     Pouch-shaped  Pitcher 

On  the  lip,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle 
ends  in  birds'  heads;  the  lower  has  the  form  of  a  g**p«-leaf  with  volutes  — 
evidently  a  variation  on  the  traditional  palmette.  On  the  back  of  the  handle 
are  leaves  bound  together' by  a  ribbon. 

Naples  69163. 


130      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

184.  (24044)     Pouch-shaped  Pitcher 

On  the  flat  part  of   the  handle  are  leaves,  and  a  double  band  about  the 
middle.     The  lower  attachment  resembles  that  of  No.   183. 
Naples  69167  (?). 

185.  (24060)     Pouch-shaped  Pitcher 

On  the  lip,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  The  upper  attachment  of  the  handle  ends 
in  two  birds'  heads;  the  lower  has  the  form  of  a  comic  theatrical  mask  between 
volutes.  There  is  a  leaf-shaped  thumb-rest  at  the  top  of  the  handle  and  the 
flat  part  of  the  handle  is  ornamented. 

Naples  69165. 

HANDLES   OF   VESSELS 

186.  (24168)     Handle  of  Vessel 

The  lower  attachment  bears  in  relief  a  bust  of  the  god  Apollo  with  cithara 
and  plectrum.  Below  him  is  a  swan  with  oustpread  wings  and  head  bent  down. 
On  the  handle  is  a  spray  of  laurel  with  leaves  and  berries.  At  the  top  are 
acanthus  leaves  with  recurved  ends.  From  between  the  acanthus  leaves 
emerges  the  upper  part  of  a  cithara,  flanked  on  the  left  by  a  bow  and  on  the 
right  by  a  quiver.     The  upper  attachments  end  in  heads  of  animals. 

Naples  72637.  Waldstein  and  Shoobridge,  Herculaneum,  PI.  43,  at  the  left;  Schreiber . 
Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  145;    cf.  No.  128  of  this  catalogue. 

187.  (24165)     Handle  of  Vessel 

The  handle  represents  Atys,  standing  with  crossed  feet.  The  right  arm 
is  broken  off.  The  left  arm  is  bent  across  the  body  and  the  loose  garment  is 
drawn  in  by  the  left  arm  and  left  hand.  The  garment  is  buttoned  over  the 
legs  and  secured  by  a  brooch  at  the  neck,  but  is  otherwise  open.  The  feet  are 
encased  in  shoes.  On  the  head  is  a  Phrygian  cap.  The  lower  attachment  of 
the  handle  is  in  the  form  of  a  bearded  mask,  with  a  band  confining  the  long 
hair  (Dionysus?). 

Naples  72592.     Waldstein  and  Shoobridge,  Herculaneum,  PI.  43,  in  the  middle. 

BASINS 

188.  (24099)     Basin 

The  bowl  has  a  base  ring.  On  the  rim,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  In  the  center, 
a  medallion  representing  a  young  man  and  a  woman  standing  by  a  trophy. 
The  trophy,  which  occupies  the  middle  of  the  field,  is  equipped  with  cuirass 
and  greaves  and  apparently  with  some  drapery;  at  the  foot  of  the  trophy  are 
a  helmet  and  two  shields.  The  young  man  stands  on  the  right,  with  a  chlamys  ( ?) 
hanging  on  his  left  arm  and  holding  in  his  right  hand  a  club-like  object,  the 
lower  end  of  which  touches  the  aforesaid  helmet.  The  woman  on  the  left, 
her  drapery  wound  about  the  lower  part  of  her  figure,  has  her  right  hand  raised 
to  the  cuirass  of  the  trophy.  Around  the  medallion  is  a  bead  pattern,  followed 
by  a  nondescript  band.     The  fixed  handles  have  snake-like  attachments. 

Naples  73613.  ^ 

189.  (24096)     Basin 

The  bowl  has  a  base  ring.  On  the  lip,  delicately  executed  bead  and  egg 
patterns.  In  the  center,  on  a  medallion,  is  a  relief  representing  two  winged 
boys  under  a  tree.     The  two  fixed  handles  are  ornamented  at  the  middle  with 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  131 

knotted  ribbons;    farther  down  are  acanthus  leaves  and  other  vegetable  orna- 
ments. 

Naples  73S3S.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  lxiii,  2,  3. 

190.  (24092)     Basin 

The  plain  bowl  has  a  base-ring.  The  fixed  handles  have  three  horizontal 
bands,  edged  with  bead  patterns  and  separated  by  grooves.  At  each  end  of  the 
handles,  above  the  rim,  is  an  object  imitating  the  head  of  a  large  nail.  From 
the  attachments  spring  crested  snakes,  their  heads  resting  on  the  rim  of  the 
basin. 

Naples  73953- 

191.  (24094)     Basin 

The  bowl  has  a  base-ring.      The  handles  are  coiled,  and  are  fixed  to  the 
bowl  by  long  pointed  attachments,  ornamented  with  floral  scrolls. 
Naples  73s  1 1.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  lxii,  i. 

192.  (24090)     Basin 

The  bowl  has  a  molded  base.  In  the  center  of  the  bowl  is  a  mask  of  Medusa 
in  relief.  The  fixed,  vertical  handles  are  ornamented  on  the  back  with  scrolls 
and  palmettes.  At  the  middle  of  each  upper  attachment,  facing  inward,  is  a 
winged  female  figure  (Victory  ?)  holding  up  her  drapery  with  each  hand.  The 
lower  attachment  shows  a  satyr's  mask  between  two  long  leaves. 

Naples  73508.     Mus.  Borb.  IV,  xxvm,  1-4. 

193.  (24001)     Basin 

Three  supports  in  the  form  of  lions'  legs  and  paws  resting  on  low,  molded 
pedestals. 

Naples  73515- 

194.  (24007)     Basin 

Three  claw  feet,  with  pedestals  beneath  them.  Two  lateral,  swinging 
handles.  In  the  center  of  the  basin,  on  a  medallion,  is  a  relief  representing  a 
marine  monster  swallowing  some  similar  creature,  with  the  head  and  neck  of 
a  third  monster  below. 

Naples  73516. 

195.  (24010)     Basin 

Wide,  shallow  bowl  without  a  foot.  Two  plain,  lateral,  fixed  handles. 
On  the  edge  of  the  bowl,  bead  and  egg  patterns.  In  the  center,  surrounded  by 
bead  and  leaf  patterns,  a  circular  relief.  A  helmeted  male  figure  faces  to  left, 
supporting  his  left  foot  on  a  rock  and  resting  his  left  elbow  on  his  left  thigh. 
His  one  garment  is  thrown  off;  it  passes  around  his  left  arm  and  falls  on  the 
further  side  of  his  left  leg.  At  his  right  side  is  his  shield,  resting  on  the  ground. 
His  lance  and  sheathed  sword  must  be  thought  of  as  grasped  by  his  invisible 
right  hand.  Facing  him  is  a  female  figure  seated  on  a  rock.  She  wears  a  tunic 
and  mantle  and  holds  some  indistinct  object  (libation-bowl  ?)  on  her  knees. 

Naples  73505.  Mus.  Borb.  IV,  xxvm,  5,  6.  The  Guida  illustrate*  del  Museo  Nazionale  di 
Napoli  calls  the  two  figures  of  the  relief  Mars  and  Venus. 

196.  (24016)     Basin 

The  bowl  rests  on  a  base-ring.  There  are  two  lateral,  fixed  handles,  each  of 
whose  attachments  represents  the  mask  of  a  bearded  satyr  having  horns  and 
pointed  ears  and  crowned  with  ivy  leaves  and  berries. 

Naples  7354°. 


132      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

OVAL   BOWLS 

Nos.  197-200,  though  of  widely  varying  size,  are  of  the  same 
type.  The  shape  is  oval,  one  end  being  more  pointed  than  the 
other.  Around  the  edge  is  a  flange,  broader  at  the  rounded  end  than 
at  the  other  and  apparently  intended  for  tilting  the  dish.  On  each 
side  is  a  hinged  handle.  Nos.  201,  202  are  similar  in  shape  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  have  a  single,  rigid  handle,  attached  at  the  broader  end 
and  the  two  sides  of  the  dish.  These  bowls  were  probably  for  holding 
some  article  of  food,  which  was  to  be  poured  out  from  the  end. 

197.  (24035)     Oval  Bowl 

On  the  attachment  of  each  handle  are  two  reclining  figures  of  nude  boys, 
probably  young  satyrs,  with  one  hand  on  the  head  and  the  other  grasping  the 
neck  of  a  wine-skin.  Between  the  two  boys  is  an  ape-like  face,  surmounted  by 
a  floral  knob. 

Naples  109822. 

198.  (24027)     Oval  Bowl 

The  attachments  of  the  handles  end  in  dogs'  heads.     The  vessel  has  three 
feet  in  the  form  of  spiral  shells. 
Naples  68763. 

199.  200.     (24033,  24034)     Two  Oval  Bowls 

These  two  dishes  were  evidently  intended  to  form  a  pair,  though  one  is 
slightly  larger  than  the  other.  The  attachments  of  the  handles,  with  a  palmette 
ornament  in  the  middle,  are  identical. 

Naples  68757,  68756. 

201.  (24062)     Oval  Bowl 

Handle  in  the  form  of  two  stems  with  lanceolate  leaves.  At  the  top  is  a 
parrot,  serving  as  a  thumb-rest.  The  lower  attachment  takes  the  form  of  a 
female  mask. 

Naples  68797. 

202.  (24058)     Oval  Bowl 

Handle  in  the  form  of  two  ivy-stems  with  leaves  and  berries.     At  the  top, 
a  parrot,  serving  as  a  thumb-rest.     At  the  lower  attachment,  a  female  mask. 
Naples  68795. 

FRUIT   DISHES    (?) 

Dishes  of  the  type  of  Nos.  203-205,  fluted  in  imitation  of  a  shell, 
exist  in  considerable  numbers  both  in  silver  and  in  bronze.  They 
have  been  commonly  called  pastry  molds,  but  have  been  more  plaus- 
ibly explained  as  fruit  dishes.  (Pernice,  Jahrb.  des  arch.  Instituts, 
Anzeiger,  1900,  p.  186.)     No.  206  may  be  classed  with  them. 

203.  (24031)     Fruit  Dish  (?) 

In  the  center  is  a  mask  of  Medusa  in  relief.     There  are  two  swinging  handles. 
Naples  76299.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xliv,  i,  2;    Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.   241,  s;    Mau-Kelsey, 
Pompeii,  Fig.  204,  s. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  133 

204.  (24039)     Fruit  Dish  (?) 
No  handles. 

Naples  76275. 

205.  (24298)     Fruit  Dish  (?) 

The  curving  handle  ends  above  in  a  griffin's  head. 
Naples  76303. 

206.  (24028)     Fruit  Dish  (?) 

The  bowl  is  fluted  symmetrically.     The  three   claw   feet  have  palmette 
ornaments  above  and  rest  on  low,  molded  pedestals. 
Naples  74000.     Mus.  Borb.  V,  xiv,  i. 

STRAINERS 

Strainers  were  used  in  cooking  and  also  for  straining  wine  and 
other  liquids.  The  perforations  were  often  arranged  in.  artistic 
patterns.  Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  s.  v. 
colum;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  p.  445 ;  Bliimner,  Kunstgewerbe  im 
Altertum  II,  pp.  104  ff. 

207.  (24188)     Strainer 

This  strainer  is  bowl-shaped,  with  two  lateral  fixed  handles.  The  perfora- 
tions form  in  the  center  a  rosette,  around  this  a  guilloche,  and  above  this  a 
band  of  scrolls. 

Naples  77608.     Mus.  Borb.  II,  lx. 

208.  (24192)     Strainer 

This  strainer  is  bowl-shaped.  If  there  were  handles,  they  are  now  missing. 
In  the  center  is  a  relief  representing  a  seated  female  figure  (Venus  ?),  apparently 
about  to  chastise  a  hovering  Cupid,  whose  right  wrist  she  grasps  with  her  left 
hand,  while  in  her  raised  right  hand  she  holds  something  which  looks  like  a 
doubled  cord  (sandal?).  The  perforations  are  arranged  in  concentric  rings. 
On  the  upper  margin  of  the  bowl,  on  the  outside,  is  an  egg  pattern. 

Naples  77609. 

209.  (24180)     Strainer 

This  strainer  has  the  form  of  a  deep  bowl,  with  a  long,  flat  handle  of  one 
piece  with  the  bowl.  The  perforations  form  a  central  rosette  and  two  sur- 
rounding bands  of  leaves,  with  a  pair  of  concentric  rings  between  each  two 
patterns  and  at  the  top. 

Naples  77610. 

210.  (24186)     Cooking  Utensil 

This  object  has  the  form  of  a  deep  bowl  with  a  short,  flat  handle  of  one 
piece  with  the  bowl.  Near  the  end  of  the  handle  is  a  hole  for  suspension.  In 
the  bowl,  under  the  handle,  is  an  irregular  group  of  perforations. 

Naples  73230. 

SAUCEPANS 

Shallow  pans,  such  as  Nos.  211-216,  were  used  for  cooking  and 
probably  sometimes  also  for  serving.     Deeper  vessels,  such  as  Nos. 


134      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

217-219,  may  have  been  used  chiefly  for  heating  water.      Pernice, 
Jahrb.  des  arch.  Instituts,  Anzeiger,  1900,  pp.  191,   192. 

211.  (24036)     Saucepan 

In  the  center  a  mask  (Medusa?),  encircled  by  a  gilt  band.  On  the  outside 
an  incised  rectilinear  pattern  ending  above  in  a  series  of  points.  The  fluted 
handle  ends  in  a  ram's  head. 

Naples  73455-  As  the  mouth  of  Medusa  is  slightly  open,  this  dish  could  hardly  have  been  used 
for  cooking  or  serving  anything  liquid. 

212.  (24026)     Saucepan 

In  the  center  a  rosette,  encircled  by  a  pattern  of  tendrils  and  leaves,  a  bead 
pattern  and  a  guilloche  ( ?)  between  bead  patterns.  On  the  edge  a  bead  pattern. 
The  handle,  flat  above  and  rounded  below,  ends  in  a  he-goat's  head.  On  the 
flat  part  of  the  handle  is  a  vegetable  pattern,  and  on  the  attachment  another. 

Naples  73440-  v 

213.  (24032)     Saucepan 

The  bowl  is  molded,  but  otherwise  plain.  The  fluted  handle  ends  in  a  head 
of  the  young  Hercules  in  a  lion's  skin,  the  paws  tied  under  his  neck.  On  the 
attachment  of  the  handle  are  two  masks. 

Naples  73438. 

214.  (24030)     Saucepan 

In  the  center  a  raised  medallion,  on  which  is  a  relief  of  a  kneeling  warrior 
wearing  a  chiton  ( ?)  and  armed  with  cuirass,  helmet,  shield  and  dagger. 
Around  the  medallion  concentric  bands  of  ornament  —  egg,  palmette-and- 
lotus,  herring-bone,  and  a  sort  of  leaf  pattern,  the  margins  of  the  leaves  appear- 
ing in  relief  on  the  inside  and  in  intaglio  on  the  outside.  On  the  lip,  bead  and 
egg  patterns.  The  handle  is  composed  of  two  conventionalized  plant  stems, 
banded  together  at  the  middle,  with  a  mask  (Medusa?)  at  the  inner  end;  the 
attachments  have  the  form  of  dolphins,  each  with  a  spirally  grooved  object  in 
its  mouth. 

Naples  73439.  Mus.  Borb.  VII,  lxiii.  Schreiber,  Alexandrinische  Toreutik,  No.  25,  interprets 
the  spirally  grooved  object  as  water  issuing  from  the  dolphin's  mouth. 

215.  (24037)     Saucepan 

The  bowl  is  plain,  except  for  a  molded  band  on  the  inside  near  the  top- 
The  handle  is  composed  of  two  conventionalized  plant  stems,  the  attachments 
ending  in  birds'  heads. 

Naples  73456. 

216.  (24029)     Saucepan 

The  bowl  is  molded,  but  otherwise  plain.  The  handle  is  composed  of  two 
snakes,  twisted  and  knotted  together.  On  the  handle,  at  the  inner  end,  is  a 
kneeling  child,  perhaps  a  young  satyr.  The  attachment  of  the  handle  is  a 
rudely  modeled  lion's  head. 

Naples  73427. 

217.  (24184)     Saucepan 

The  bowl  has  a  base-ring.     The  slightly  ornamented  handle  was  apparent- 
ly made  separately  and  soldered  on. 
Naples  73387- 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  135 

218.  (24191)     Saucepan 

The  short,  flat  handle,  of  one  piece  with  the  bowl,  has  a  hole  for  suspension 
near  the  end.     Incised  ornamental  rings  encircle  the  bowl  horizontally. 
Naples  73254- 

219.  (24183)     Saucepan 

This  resembles  No.  218  in  all  respects,  but  is  slightly  smaller. 
Naples  73385.     On  the  handle  is  an  inscription  (C.  J.  L.  X,  8071,  28c):    L-  ANSI-  EPHA- 
PRODITI  (sic),  showing  that  the  maker's  name  was  Lucius  Ansius  Epaphroditus. 


KETTLES 

The  four  following  vessels  are  cooking  pots  of  similar  shape,  but 
varying  size.  Each  has  a  cover  attached  by  a  chain  to  the  bail.  The 
first  two  have  no  base;  the  third  has  a  flat  bottom;  the  fourth, 
a  base-ring.  All  four,  when  in  use  for  cooking,  must  have  been  set 
on  low  trivets  over  a  charcoal  fire. 

220.  (24178)     Large  Kettle 

The  cover,  which  rises  from  circumference  to  center  in  a  succession  of  steps, 
fits  inside  the  mouth  of  the  kettle. 
Naples  74766. 

221.  (24171)     Kettle 

The  cover  is  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  number,  but  flatter. 
Naples  74806   (?).     Mus.  Borb.   V,   lviii,   6;    Overbeck,   Pompeii,  Fig.  241   a;    Mau-Kelsey, 
Pompeii,  Fig.  204  a. 

222.  (24173)     Kettle 

The  rings  in  which  the  bail  plays  are  attached  by  rivets  to  a  sort  of  collar 
encircling  the  neck  of  the  pot.     The  cover  fits  over  the  mouth. 
Naples  74775  (?).     Mus.  Borb.  V,  lviii,  4. 

223.  (24172)     Kettle 

The  bail  ends  in  rudely  modeled  birds'  heads.     Its  attachments  and  the 
cover  resemble  those  of  the  preceding  number. 
Naples  74813. 

MOLDS 

The  three  following  utensils  are  evidently  molds,  in  which  some 
article  of  food,  such  as  pastry,  was  shaped.  They  imitate  a  pig,  a 
dressed  hare,  and  a  ham. 

224.  (24175)     Mold 

Naples  76352. 

225.  (24170)     Mold 

Naples  76355- 

226.  (24174)     Mold 

Naples  76354  (?)■ 


136       Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 


OTHER    KITCHEN    UTENSILS 

227.  (24024)     Frying  Pan 

The  round  pan  is  provided  with  a  spout.  The  broad,  flat  handle,  of  one 
piece  with  the  pan,  has  a  suspension-hole  at  the  end. 

Naples  76371.  Mus.  Borb.  V,  lviii,  9;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  241  p;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii, 
Fig.  204  p. 

228.  (24038)     Frying  Pan 

The  oblong  pan  has  a  spout  near  the  middle  of  one  side.  The  slender  handle, 
made  separately  and  attached,  has  a  suspension-hole  at  the  end. 

Naples  76602.  Mus.  Borb.  V,  lviii,  8;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  241  o;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pom- 
peii, Fig.  204  o. 

229.  (24177)     Baking  Pan    (?) 

The  circular'  pan  has  twenty- nine  hemispherical  depressions.  There  is  an 
encircling  flange,  but  no  handles. 

Naples  76543.  Mus.  Borb.  V,  i,ix,  1;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig,  241  t;  Mau-Kelsey,  Pompeii, 
Fig.  204  t.  This  pan  has  been  commonly  said  to  have  been  intended  for  cooking  eggs.  The 
explanation  of  it  as  a  baking  pan  for  small  cakes  is  due  to  Professor  Mau. 

230.  (24181)     Dipper 

Each  end  of  the  long  handle  takes  the  form  of  a  bird's  head.  The  part  of 
the  handle  intended  to  be  grasped  by  the  hand  is  flat,  with  concave  edges; 
the  rest  is  cylindrical.  The  bird's  head  next  to  the  bowl  holds  in  its  bill  a  stout 
wire,  which  is  loosely  fastened  around  the  neck  of  the  bowl,  the  two  ends  being 
interlocked. 

Naples  73832.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  XII,  lix.  A  similar  dipper,  also  said  to  be  from  Pom- 
peii, is  in  Berlin:  Friederichs,  Kleinere  Kunst  und  Industrie,  No.  588.  Two  handles  belonging  to 
such  dippers  were  found  at  Priene:  Wiegand  and  Schrader,  Priene,  Fig.  493.  A  similar  dipper 
from  Nocera  has  a  simpler  handle:    BulleUino  archeologico  napolitano.  N.  S.  V.  PI.  iii. 


MISCELLANEOUS   ARTICLES,    CHIEFLY   DOMESTIC 

231.  (24196)     Jar 

Plain,  pear-shaped  vessel,  with  small  neck  and  round  mouth.     No  handles. 
Naples  69539. 

232.  (24087)     Jar 

Tall,  plain  vessel,  supported  on  a  foot.     No  handles. 
Naples  111737. 

233.  (24294)     Cylindrical  Vessel 

The  plain  vessel  has  a  rounded  bottom  and  at  the  top  a  projecting  flange. 
Naples  109714. 

234.  (24008)     Oval  Basin  or  Tray 

The  tray  rests  on  a  base-ring.  There  are  two  lateral  fixed  handles,  on  the 
leaf-shaped  attachments  of  which  are  reclining  satyrs, -each  putting  one  hand 
to  his  head. 

Naples  68781. 

235.  (24135)     Small  Oval  Dish 

Naples  76380. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  137 

236.  (24050)     Ointment  Vessel  (?) 

The  small,  globular  vessel  is  of  the  shape  used  by  athletes  for  the  oil  with 
which  they  rubbed  themselves.  The  cover,  attached  by  a  chain,  rests  loosely 
on  the  top  of  the  vessel. 

Naples  69925  (?).  For  a  Roman  athlete's  oil-flask  see  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  251,  Mau-Kelsey. 
Pompeii,  Fig.  209. 

237.  (24052)     Ointment  Vessel  (?) 

The  small  vessel  has  the  form  of  a  slender  jar,  without  handles. 
Naples  69911  (?). 

Objects  of  the  class  represented  by  the  following  number  are 
commonly  explained  as  used  for  burning  incense. 

238.  (24134)     Small  Shovel 

The  handle  is  decorated  with  a  palmette  and  with  other  vegetable  orna- 
ments. There  are  four  small  knobs  on  the  under  side  of  the  shovel,  one  near 
■each  corner. 

Naples  76623. 

Roman  spoons  for  table  use  are  of  two  principal  types.  One, 
the  ligula,  resembles  the  modern  teaspoon;  the  other,  the coclear,  is 
smaller,  with  round  bowl  and  straight,  pointed  handle.  The  pointed 
•end  of  the  coclear  was  used  in  picking  snails  from  their  shells,  while 
the  bowl  was  used  for  eating  eggs.  Spoons  of  this  type  may  of  course 
have  served  other  purposes. 

239.  (241 16)     Spoon  {coclear) 

Naples  1 10088. 

Several  small  gongs  with  clappers  have  been  found  at  Pompeii. 
It  is  supposed  that  these  gongs  were  fastened  on  or  near  the  street- 
doors  of  houses  and  answered  the  purpose  of  modern  door-bells. 

240.  (24133)     Gong 

The  supporting  frame  is  modern. 

Naples  78622.      Guhl  und  Koner,  Leben  der  Griechen  and  Romer6,  Fig.  933. 

Objects  of  the  class  represented  by  the  following  number  exist 
in  considerable  numbers  in  the  Naples  Museum.  They  may 
have  served   as  seats. 

241.  (MIZZ)     Cylindrical  Seat  (?) 

The  object  is  supported  on  three  simple  feet.  The  exterior  of  the  cylinder 
is  encircled  by  horizontal  raised  bands  and  incised  lines.  There  are  two  lateral, 
swinging  handles.     The  top  is  slightly  concave,  with  a  boss  at  the  center. 

Naples  68814. 


138      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

Nos.  242,  243  and  other  similar  objects  are  labeled  "altars"  in 
the  Naples  Museum.  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  pp.  425,  426,  explains 
them  as  seats  —  a  purpose  for  which  they  seem  too  small  and  weak. 
The  horizontal  pieces  which  connect  the  legs  have  open-work  deco- 
ration, more  elaborate  at  the  ends  than  at  the  front  and  back.  The 
top  is  concave. 

242.  (24161)     Stool-shaped  Object 

The  open-work  decoration  at  each  end,  immediately  under  the  top,  con- 
sists of  conventionalized  vegetable  scrolls,  with  a  mask  of  Jupiter  Ammon  in 
the  middle. 

Naples  109506. 

243.  (24166)     Stool-shaped  Object 

The  open-work  decoration  at  each  end,  immediately  under  the  top,  has  in 
the  middle  a  pendent  palmette. 

Naples  (?).     Mus.  Borb.  IV,  xxvn,  9,  10;   Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  226. 

244.  (24169)     Dry  Measure 

The  plain,  cylindrical  vessel  has  two  lateral,  fixed  handles.  Within  is  a 
central  upright  rod,  supporting  a  three-armed  brace. 

Naples  74601.  A  similar,  but  smaller,  measure  from  Herculaneum  in  the  Naples  Museum 
(No.  74600)  bears  the  inscription  (C  /.  L.  X,  8067,  4) : 

D-  D-  P-  P 
HERC 
i.  e.,  D(ecreto)  d(ecurionum)  p(ecunia)  p(ublica)  Herc(ulanenses) ,  showing  that  the  measure  was  an 
officially  certified  standard. 


BALANCE   AND   WEIGHTS 

The  equal-armed  balance  is  the  earliest  contrivance  for  weighing. 
The  example  here  shown  is  small  and  of  the  simplest  construction, 
being  without  a  tongue  to  indicate  the  exact  equivalence  of  the  weight 
in  one  scale  with  the  article  in  the  other.  Some  of  the  weights  bear 
witness  that  much  larger  balances  were  also  in  use.  Smith,  Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  s.  v.  libra;  Baumeister,  Denkmaler , 
s.  v.  Wage. 

~Ae  ,24136     241^0  v        ^  TTT 

245.      ( — *-  ,)     Balance  and  Weights 

2         2,  3 

The  pans  are  bowl-shaped;    the  chains  missing. 

Naples  116438.  Pompeii.  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1887,  pp.  413,  414.  The  original  series  of  weights 
consists  of  seven  pieces,  five  square  and  two  round.  The  square  weights  bear  each  a  Greek  letter, 
standing  for  the  numbers  4,  5,  6,  7,  10.  Of  the  round  weights  one  has  a  single  dot  inlaid  in  silver, 
while  the  other  has  two  such  dots.  As  this  balance  was  found  associated  with  surgical  instru- 
ments, it  was  probably  used  for  weighing  drugs. 

(p         246-251.      (24126,  24132,  24137,  24139,  24151,  24153)      Six  Weights 
Each  weight  represents  a  reclining  goat  on  a  rectangular  pedestal. 

Naples  74308-74313,  Pompeii.  Fiorelli,  Scavi  di  Pompeii  dal  186 1  al  1872,  p.  90.  Fiorelh 
suggests  that  these  weights  were  used  in  selling  goat's  milk  (?).     On  the  ends  of  the  pedestals  are 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  139 

the  inscriptions  (C.  I,  L.  X,  8067,  14):  PI,  P  II.  PHI,  P  IIII,  P  V,  P  X,  signifying  that  the 
weights  are  1.  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  10  lbs.  respectively.  The  two-pound  weight  has  also  the  inscription  : 
P-  STALLI-  FELIC,  giving  the  name  of  the  maker  (?)  as  Publius  Stallius  Felix.  [In  the  series 
of  facsimiles  in  Chicago  the  two-pound  weight  is  omitted  and  the  five-pound  weight  duplicated.] 

7  252-255.     (24123-24125,  24127)     Four  Weights 

One  weight,  which  is  in  the  form  of  a  sow,  is  hollow,  having  originally  been 
filled  with  lead.  Two  others  represent  knuckle-bones.  The  fourth  may 
represent  a  cheese;   its  handle  is  in  the  form  of  two  thumbs. 

Naples  74390-74393.  On  one  side  of  the  sow  are  the  letters  (C.  I.  L.  X,  8067,  88):  P  C 
(i.  e.  pondera  centum),  signifying  that  the  weight  is  100  lbs. 


STEELYARDS   AND   THE   LIKE 

The  steelyard,  a  less  ancient  instrument  than  the  equal-armed 
balance,  was  in  common  use  among  the  Romans.  It  regularly 
consists  of  (1)  a  graduated  beam  or  yard;  (2)  a  hanging  weight, 
which  may  be  moved  along  the  beam;  (3)  a  suspension  hook,  or 
commonly  two  alternative  hooks  on  opposite  sides  of  the  beam;  and 
(4)  a  pan,  attached  by  four  chains  to  the  end  of  the  beam,  or  in  place 
of  the  pan,  a  hook  or  hooks,  for  supporting  the  article  to  be  weighed. 
Smith,  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  s.  v.  statera  (with 
incorrect  explanation  of  the  two  suspension-hooks  and  double  grad- 
uation) ;  Baumeister,  Denkmdler,  s.  v.  Wage;  Overbeck,  Pompeii, 
pp.  447,  448. 

N.  B.  In  these  reproductions  the  weights  are  sometimes  too 
light  or  too  heavy. 

256.  (24131)     Steelyard 

Weight  in  the  form  of  the  bust  of  a  warrior,  wearing  cuirass  and  helmet. 
On  the  cuirass  a  mask  of  Medusa.  On  each  side  of  the  crested  helmet  a  bull 
in  relief. 

When  suspended  as  at  present  this  steelyard  can  weigh  up  to  twelve  pounds, 
the  numbers  1-5  and  10  being  indicated  by  the  regular  signs  (I,  II,  III,  IIII, 
V,  X)  and  the  remaining  numbers  by  single  marks,  with  S  (i.  e.,  semis,  y£)  at 
the  half-way  points.  When  suspended  by  the  other  hook  it  can  weigh  from 
ten  to  forty  pounds,  the  regular  signs,  (X,  XX,  XXX,  XXXX)  being  used  for 
ten  and  its  multiples,  and  the  half-way  points  marked  by  a  V. 

Naples  74056.  Stabiae.  Mus.  Borb.  I,  lv,  i.  On  the  flat  part  of  the  beam  is  an  inscription 
(C.  /  L.  X,  8067.  3).  as  follows: 

IMP-  VESP-  AVG-  ITX- 

T-  IMP-  AVG-  F-  VT-  CoS 

EX  ACTA-  IN-  CAPITO 
Imp(eratore)  Vesp(asiano)  Aug(usto)  II X  T(ito)  imp(eratore)  Aug(usti)   f(ilio)    VI  co(n)s(ulibus), 
exacta  in  Capito(lio).     This  signifies  that  in  the  year  77  A.  D.  this  steelyard  was  tested  by  com- 
parison with  standard  weights  preserved  on  the  Capitoline  hill  at  Rome. 

257.  (24128)     Steelyard 

Weight  in  the  form  of  the  bust  of  a  boy. 

When  suspended  as  at  present,  this  steelyard  can  weigh  up  to  fourteen 


140      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

pounds,  the  signs  being,  I,  II,  III,  IIII,  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII,  Villi,  X,  I,  II,  III, 
IIII,  with  S,  the  sign  for  %,  at  the  half-way  points.  When  suspended  by  the 
other  hook,  it  can  weigh  from  thirteen  to  fifty  pounds,  the  signs  reading  XIII, 

V,  XX,  V,  XXX,  V,  XXXX,  V. 

Naples  74039.  Herculaneum.  On  the  flat  part  of  the  beam  is  an  inscription  (C.  /.  L.  X, 
8067,  2),  as  follows: 

TI-  CLAUD    CAES  ////  VITEL- 
III-  COS-  EX  ACTA  AD-  ARTIC- 
CVRA-  AEDIL 

Ti(berio)   Claud(,io)  Caes(are) ViteKJio)  III  co{n)s(ulibus),  exacta  ad  Artic(uleiana), 

cura  aedil(ium).  The  Articuleiana  were  standard  weights  deposited  in  Rome  in  the  year  47  A.  D. 
by  the  aediles,  Articuleius  and  his  colleague.  The  present  steelyard  had  been  tested  by  com- 
parison with  these  weights. 

258.  (24138)     Steelyard 

Weight  in  the  form  of  a  bust  of  Mercury,  wearing  on  his  head  an  ivy  wreath, 
fastened  behind  by  ribbons,  and  a  winged  hat.  The  four  chains  by  which  the 
pan  is  suspended  are  attached  to  the  bent  necks  of  swans,  whose  flattened 
bodies  are  soldered  to  the  under  side  of  the  pan.  There  are,  as  usual,  two  sets 
of  graduation  marks  and  numerals. 

Naples  74066  (?). 

259.  (24130)     Steelyard 

Weight  in  the  form  of  a  female  bust.  When  suspended  as  at  present,  this 
steelyard  can  weigh  up  to  eight  pounds,  the  signs  being  I,  II,  III,  IIII,  V, 

VI,  VII,  VIII.  When  suspended  by  the  other  hook  it  can  weigh  from  ten  to 
thirty-three  pounds,  the  tens  being  marked  by  the  signs  X,  XX,  XXX,  the 
fives  by  a  V,  and  the  other  pounds  by  single  upright  lines. 

Naples  74069. 

260.  (24122)     Steelyard 

Weight  in  the  form  of  a  female  bust,  the  head  ivy-crowned  and  covered  with 
a  cloth,  the  right  arm  bent  upward  so  that  the  fore-finger  touches  the  cheek. 
In  place  of  the  more  usual  pan  this  instrument  has  two  hooks  for  holding  the 
object  to  be  weighed. 

When  suspended  as  at  present,  this  steelyard  can  weigh  up  to  twelve  pounds, 
the  first  ten  numbers  being  indicated  by  the  usual  numerals  and  the  last  two 
by  single  upright  marks.  When  suspended  by  the  other  hook  it  can  weigh 
from  thirteen  to  forty-six  pounds,  the  signs  reading  XIII,  XX,  V,  XXX,  V, 
XXXX,  V,  I. 

Naples  1 1 7693.     Pompeii,  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1888,  p.  524. 

261.  (24129)     Balance 

This  instrument  combines  the  principle  of  the  equal-armed  balance  with 
that  of  the  steelyard.  One  arm  of  the  balance  is  graduated,  and  along  this 
arm  slides  a  small  weight  in  the  form  of  an  acorn. 

Naples  74060.     Mus.  Borb.  I,  lv,  3. 

262.  (24025)     Vessel  for  Weighing  Liquids 

The  flat  handle,  of  one  piece  with  the  bowl,  has  a  slot,  alongside  of  which  is 
a  graduated  scale.  A  hook,  which  could  be  supported  by  the  finger  or  other- 
wise, is  connected  by  a  chain  and  ring  to  a  guard,  which  slides  in  the  slot. 
There  must  originally  have  been  a  weight  attached  to  the  ring  at  the  ehd  of 
the  handle. 

Naples  74165. 


June,  1909.     Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  141 


MUSICAL   INSTRUMENTS 

263.  (24140)     Pair  of  Cymbals 

Naples  76941. 

264.  (24160)     Clarinet 

The  ivory  tube  has  ten  ( ?)  finger-holes  and  is  covered  with  perforated 
metal  bands,  which  can  be  turned  so  as  to  open  or  close  the  holes.  The  missing 
mouth-piece  was  inserted  into  the  flaring  end  of  the  tube  when  the  instrument 
was  in  use. 

Naples  76892.  Pompeii.  Howard,  Harvard  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,  IV,  PI.  II,  2  and 
p.  49;   also  note  on  p.  55  in  regard  to  the  inexactness  of  the  reproduction. 

265.  (24141)      SlSTRUM 

The  handle  consists  of  a  figure  of  the  god  Bes  on  a  pedestal,  surmounted  by 
a  double-faced  head.  Within  the  opening  of  the  instrument  is  a  small  dog(  ?) 
and  upon  the  top  another  small  animal  (dog  ?). 

Naples  (?). 

266.  (24163)     Trumpet  (?) 

This  is  a  long,  straight,  conical  tube  of  thin  bronze,  open  at  both  ends. 
Naples  76886. 

267.  (24167)     Tube 

This  is  a  heavy  tube  of  conical  bore,  closed  at  the  smaller  end  and  open  at 
the  larger  end.  Near  the  smaller  end  are  three  small  holes  on  one  side  and 
three,  not  quite  opposite  to  them,  on  the  other.     Purpose  unknown. 

Naples  76888. 

INDUSTRIAL   IMPLEMENTS 

268.  (24146)     Compasses 

Naples  76686. 

269.  (24147)     Compasses 

Naples  76681. 

270.  (241 11)     Compasses 

Naples  109673. 

271.  (24110)     Compasses 

The  legs  are  curved  at  the  top  and  cross  each  other. 
Naples  76683. 

272.  (24149)     Outside  Calipers 

The  two  curving  arms  are  inlaid  in  silver,  one  on  one  side,  the  other  on 
the  other,  each  with  an  ivy  spray. 
Naples  115630. 

273.  (24143)     Inside  Calipers 

The  ends  of  the  straight  legs  are  bent  so  as  to  be  at  right  angles  to  the 
shafts  and  parallel  to  each  other. 
Naples  76685. 


142       Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

274.  (24144)     Inside  Calipers 

The  ends  of  the  flat  straight  legs  are  bent  so  as  to  be  at  right  angles  to 
the  shafts  and  parallel  to  each  other. 
Naples  76671  (?). 

275.  (24158)     Foot  Rule 

The  rule  is  hinged  in  the  middle,  so  that  it  may  be  folded  upon  itself. 
When  open,  it  is  held  in  position  by  a  movable  guard,  the  two  notches  of  which 
fit  under  the  heads  of  two  pins.  On  one  side  it  is  divided  by  points  into  sixteen 
equal  parts  {digiti),  with  double  points  instead  of  single  to  mark  the  quarters 
of  the  foot;  and  on  one  edge  it  is  similarly  divided  by  single  points  into  twelve 
equal  parts  (unciae). 

Naples  76624c?).     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xv,  8;   Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  237. 

276.  C-^y1^)     Plummet 

The  knob  at  the  top  is  perforated  for  a  string. 
Naples  76658.     Mus.  Borb.  VI,  xv,  1. 

277.  (24148)     Carpenter's  Square 
The  two  ends  have  an  ornamental  outline. 
Naples  76689. 


SURGICAL    IMPLEMENTS   AND    THE    LIKE 

While  some  of  the  following  objects  are  unmistakably  for  surgical 
or  medical  use,  others  may  equally  well  have  served  some  ordinary 
domestic  or  toilet  purpose.  For  fuller  particulars  see  the  excellent 
work  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Milne,  Surgical  Instruments  in  Greek  and  Roman 
Times. 

278.  (24119)     Scalpel 

The  handle  is  of  bronze,  the  blade  of  steel. 
Naples  77684.     Milne,  p.  28  and  PI.  V,  4(F). 

279.  (24113)     Sharp  Hook 
The  handle  is  molded. 
Naples  78040.     Cf.  Milne,  pp.  85-87. 

280.  (24120)     Shears 

Like  Greek  and  Roman  shears  generally,  this  instrument  resembles  in 
construction  modern  garden  shears. 

Naples  78005.     Pompeii.     Milne,  pp.  49,  50  and  PI.  X,  5 

281.  (24157)     Needle 

This  may  have  been  used  for  sewing  bandages  or  for  ordinary  domestic 
purposes.  ^. 

Naples  (?).     Cf.  Milne,  p.  76.      - 

282.  (24104)     Needle 

The  head  of  the  needle  is  flat  and  roughly  diamond-shaped. 
Naples  78122.     Cf.  preceding  note. 


June,  1909.      Reproductions  of  Bronzes  in  Naples.  143 

283.  (24105)     Small  Spoon 

The  small  disk-shaped  end  is  set  at  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  shaft. 

Naples  78044.  This  instrument  has  the  form  of  the  Roman  toilet  article  used  for  clearing 
the  ears  of  wax.  It  may  also  have  served  for  extracting  ointment  from  tubes  and  for  similar 
purposes.     Cf.  Milne,  pp.  77,  78  and  PI.  XVIII,  5  and  8. 

284.  (24108)     Probe  (?)  and  Spoon 

The  spoon  is  very  small  and  only  slightly  hollowed.  It  may  have  served  as 
an  ear  scoop. 

Naples  77803.     Cf.  Milne,  pp.  63s. 

285.  (24107)     Probe  and  Spatula 

Naples  77719. 

286.  (24109)     Probe  and  Spoon 

The  shaft  of  the  original  is  ornamented  with  a  spiral  silver  wire  wound 
around  it. 

Naples  78146.     Milne,  p.  61  and  PI.  XIV,  1. 

287.  (24106)     Probe  and  Spoon 

Naples  77765. 

288.  (241 18)     Probe  and  Spoon 

The  spoon  has  been  accidentally  split  down  the  middle. 
Naples  78121.     Milne,  p.  62  and  PI.  XV,  3. 

289.  (241 1 5)     Double  Spatula 

Naples  77733.     Milne,  p.  79  and  PI.  XX,  1. 

290.  (24114)     Tongue  Depressor  (?) 

Straight,  flat  handle;   broad,  flat  end  of  rounded  outline. 
Naples  78012  (?).     Cf.  Milne,  p.  79. 

291.  (24112)     Forceps 

Naples  77978.     Milne,  p.  92  and  PI.  XXVI,  1. 

292.  (24117)     Forceps 

Naples  78151.     Mus.  Borb.  XV,  xxm,  3;   Milne,  PI.  XXVI,  6. 

293.  (24156)     Bleeding  Cup 

The  shape  is  the  usual  one.     There  is  a  ring  attached  at  the  top. 
Naples  77991.     Milne,  p.  103  and  PI.  XXXV. 

294.  (24145)     Male  Catheter 

The  instrument  has  two  contrary  curves  and  thus  resembles  an  elongated  S. 
Naples  78026.     Mus.  Borb.  XV,  xxm,  1;   Overbeck,  Pompeii,   Fig.  258,  h;   Milne,  p.  144  and 
PI.  XLV,  x. 

295.  (24121)     Female  Catheter 

Naples  78027.     Milne,  p.  14s  and  PI.  XLV,  2. 

296.  (24152)     Female  Catheter 

Around  the  middle  of  the  instrument  are  molded  rings. 
Naples  78020. 


144      Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Anth.,  Vol.  VII. 

297.  (24154)     Rectal  Speculum 
The  two  halves  work  on  a  hinge. 

Naples  78031.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  XIV,  xxxvi,  Fig.  Ill;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  258  e; 
Milne,  pp.  149,  150. 

298.  (24155)     Vaginal  Speculum 

By  turning  the  screw  the  three  blades  were  made  to  diverge.  There  is  a 
leaf  ornamentation  on  the  handle  of  the  screw. 

Naples  78030.  Pompeii.  Mus.  Borb.  XIV,  xxxvi,  Figs.  I,  II;  Overbeck,  Pompeii,  Fig.  258  a; 
Milne,  p.  151  and  PI.  XL VII. 

299.  (24103)     Vaginal  Speculum 

By  turning  the  screw  to  the  right  the  four  blades  were  made  to  diverge. 
There  is  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  a  ram's  head  at  each  end  of  the  cross-bar. 
Naples  1 13264.     Pompeii.     Not.  d.  Scavi,  1882,  p.  420;    Milne,  p.  152  and  PI.  XLIX. 

300.  (24142)     Box  for  Drugs 

There  is  a  sliding  cover,  which  can  be  held  in  place  by  means  of  a  guard  on 
the  end  of  the  box.  The  box  is  divided  into  six  compartments,  two  of  which 
are  provided  with  lids  Working  on  pins  and  lifted  by  means  of  ring-handles. 
The  original  still  contains  medicaments. 

Naples  78200.     Milne,  pp.  172.  173  and  PI.  LIV. 


FIELD  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


ANTHROPOLOGY,  VOL.  VII,   PL.  XXXVI. 


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